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42273. Změny nastavení rodičovského příspěvku v Česku a jejich možný dopad na reprodukční chování

Creator:
Šťastná, Anna
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
family policy, parental benefit, reproductive behaviour, birth intervals, education, and Czech Republic
Language:
Czech
Description:
Childcare leave schemes are one of the key measures that affect the ability of women and men to balance their work and family lives. Both the length of the parental leave period and the amount of the benefit have the potential to shape the timing of a subsequent birth. Important changes have been introduced into the Czech parental benefit scheme over the last 10 years in terms of both the scheme’s flexibility and the monthly amount of the benefit, which has provided a unique opportunity for studying the links between the institutional conditions of parenthood and the behaviour of real stakeholders. Using data on births from the Czech Statistical Office and the parity-cohort analytical approach, we investigate changes in the spacing of second and third births among women who had their first or second child between 1986 and 2013. The results revealed an increase in the second- and third-birth rate during the second and third year following a delivery, together with a decrease in the second- and third-birth rate during the fourth year and later among mothers exposed to changes in the parental benefit scheme. These changes in reproductive behaviour noticeably coincided with the incentives that have been provided since 2008 by the increased flexibility of the parental leave scheme and the author argues that the option to increase the monthly amount of the parental benefit together with the flexibility of its use has contributed to the closer spacing of births, most notably among more educated women.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:private

42274. Změny organizační struktury a umístění Ústavu teoretické a aplikované mechaniky ČSAV

Creator:
Dvořáčková, Věra and Clarke, Melvyn
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
theoretical mechanics, applied mechanics, history of science, history of technology, and Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Language:
Czech
Description:
Tato studie, která je první hlubší sondou do dějin Ústavu teoretické a aplikované mechaniky Československé akademie věd, obrací svou pozornost k organizačnímu a dislokačnímu vývoji pracoviště. Historie Ústavu teoretické a aplikované mechaniky Československé akademie věd spadá již do roku 1921, kdy byl ustaven jeho přímý předchůdce Výzkumný a zkušební ústav hmot a konstrukcí stavebních (od roku 1947 Kloknerův výzkumný a zkušební ústav hmot a konstrukcí stavebních) ČVUT. Tomu byla na počátku padesátých let při zakládání ČSAV přisouzena prvořadá důležitost, když se stal jádrem prvního technicky zaměřeného akademického ústavu, Ústavu teoretické a aplikované mechaniky (ÚTAM). Vývoj organizační struktury nového pracoviště byl poměrně spletitý a odrážel nejen úroveň vědeckovýzkumného pokroku řešené problematiky a požadavky vedení Akademie na náplň činnosti ÚTAM, ale nepřímo také aktuální kondici československé společnosti a ekonomiky. Neméně zajímavá byla i dislokační situace ústavu spjatá převážně s bývalým klášterem Na Slovanech (Emauzy), jehož byl ÚTAM určen operativním správcem. Tento objekt byl pro převážně stavebnicky orientované pracovníky Akademie velkou výzvou, ale i značným omezením: zajištění adekvátních pracovních podmínek pro zaměstnance a vybudování experimentální základny bylo třeba uvádět v soulad s respektováním historické hodnoty svěřených prostor. and This study, the first substantial survey of the history of the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CSAS ITAM), focuses on redeployment and organizational developments at the institute. The history of the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences goes back to 1921, when its first direct predecessor was established, the Research and Experimental Institute for Materials and Building Structures (as of 1947 Klokner's Research and Experimental Institute for Materials and Building Structures) at the Czech Technical University. This was ascribed primary importance in the early 1950s when the CSAS was established, as it formed the core of the first technicallybased Academic institute, the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ITAM). The development of the organizational structure of this new institute was fairly complex, reflecting not only the level of scientific research progress achieved within the areas under review, as well as Academy requirements on ITAM activities, but also indirectly the state of the Czechoslovak economy and society at that time. Of no less interest was the redeployment situation at the institute associated primarily with the old Na Slovanech (Emmaus) monastery, which was allocated to ITAM by the operations administrator. For the primarily construction-oriented Academy staff this building was a great challenge, as well as a considerable constraint: adequate working conditions needed to be acquired for employees and an experimental base needed to be created, while respecting the historical value of the premises. Translated by Melvyn Clarke
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

42276. Zmeny v prístupe k dojčeniu a starostlivosti o novorodenca na príklade dvoch generácií matiek

Creator:
Jágerová, Margita
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
breastfeeding, care for newborns, mother, and generational differences
Language:
Czech
Description:
The changed socio-political conditions and transformation processes after 1989 had a significant impact on many spheres of life of our society. The text discusses these circumstances in connection with the issue of breastfeeding and its reflection from the perspective of mothers of two generations. The rise in popularity of breastfeeding and its preferences as the most appropriate method of nutrition in young children has been apparent for longer than adecade not only in Slovakia. This has been confirmed by works in the medical field as well as research on a specific sample of informants, on which the study is based. It attempts to reach an ethnological interpretation of the perception of breastfeeding by current mothers and women of an older generation. It confronts the attitudes of older women and current mothers towards breastfeeding and phenomena related thereto. It concludes that in recent years breastfeeding has been on the rise in comparison with the previous generation of mothers. The author considers the increased promotion of breastfeeding and the irreplaceability of breast milk in child nutrition to be the main factors contributing to this situation.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

42277. Změny v sídelní strategii mladého paleolitu v mikroregionu brněnské kotliny

Creator:
Škrdla, Petr
Type:
article and TEXT
Subject:
3-D mapování, struktura osídlení, bohunicien, gravettien, magdalénien, 3-D mapping, settlement pattern, Bohunician, Gravettian, and Magdalenian
Language:
Czech
Description:
Struktura osídlení je u jednotlivých paleolitických kultur rozdílná. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je poukázat na odlišnosti v sídelní geografii s pomocí 3–D digitální kartografie. Zájmové území představuje mikroregion brněnské kotliny. Studovány jsou sídelní strategie bohunicienu, gravettienu/epigravettienu a magdaleniénu. and The settlement patterns of individual Palaeolithic cultures differ. This paper aims to demonstrate the variations in settlement geography with the aid of three–dimensional digital cartography. The study area is the Brno basin microregion, and settlement strategies of the Bohunician, Gravettian/Epigravettian, and Magdalenian are considered.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

42279. Zmiany znaczeniowe w afazji

Creator:
Panasiuk, Jolanta
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
linguistics, semantics, and aphasia
Language:
Czech
Description:
Semantic changes observed in aphasic patients are examined in two aspects: as transfers of names and transfers of meaning. The most frequent in the material under scrutiny are semantic changes resulting form the contiguity of meanings (metonymies) and shifts motivated by the similarity of names (paronymies). Changes based on the similarity of meanings (metaphors) and the contiguity of names (ellipses) are less frequent. The relative frequencies of the mechanisms underlying semantic change in aphasia lead one to reflect on the nature of cognitive functions in aphasic patients. That the configurations of form and content, obtained by analyzing aphasic texts, are stored in people´s cognitive structures and as such constitute templates or patterns necessary for the comprehension and description of reality, as well as for the segmentation of interpreted sequences of information. The patterns recognized in the present study pertain primarily to the visible, physical world, judgments of non-material mental images are less frequent.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

42280. Zmiešané manželstvá (manželstvá s cudzincami) v kontexte súčasných migračných procesov na Slovensku

Creator:
Letavajová, Silvia
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Africa, foreigner, integration, communication, migration, and mixed marriage
Language:
Czech
Description:
The percentage of transnational marriages is quite low in Slovakia. This relates to the increasing mobility of domestic inhabitants abroad as well as to the arrival of foreigners in Slovakia during recent decades. The study is to explain the cultural and historical background of mixed marriages between Slovaks and foreigners, their family life and the integration in the Slovak environment, namely in the context of migration experience of the partners in these relationships. In the introduction, we characterize the transnational marriages using available statistical data. We will investigate the integration processes on selected type of transnational marriages, in which the partner comes from Egypt, Algeria or Tunis. We will focus mainly on their communication strategies and employability in the labour market.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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