Pro odhad stáří jednotlivých vývojových linií latinskoamerické flóry se dnes využívají také tzv. molekulární hodiny. Výsledky jejich aplikace ukazují, že se řada prvků současné flóry dostala do Latinské Ameriky až po rozpadu prakontinentu Gondawana, tzn. jsou mladšího stáří než by odpovídalo době rozpadu Gondwany. Do Latinské Ameriky se mohly rozšířit dvěma různými mechanismy: migrací rostlin přes pevninu a nebo disperzí diaspor na dlouhou vzdálenost přes oceány. Důkazem migrace tropických čeledí přes kontinenty je i řada fosilních nálezů, které mohou také posloužit jako druhý nezávislý zdroj datování jejich původu., So called molecular clocks are nowadays used to estimate the age of individual lineages of Latin American flora. The results of their application show that a number of elements of current flora came to Latin America after the collapse of the ancient continent of Gondwana. This could be explained by two different mechanisms: by migration of plants across the land or by dispersion of their diasporas across the oceans. The amount of fossils proving migration of tropical families across continents is often used as the second, independent source for dating their origin., and Anna Potůčková, Daniel Stančík.
Současná diverzita tropické flóry a bioty Latinské Ameriky je výsledkem řady historických událostí, ke kterým došlo během jejího dlouhého vývoje. Výskyt stejných či příbuzných čeledí, rodů nebo druhů v oblastech a na kontinentech představujících součásti někdejšího prakontinentu Gondwana jsou výsledkem působení tří mechanismů: rozpadu souvislého areálu výskytu (vikariance) na území někdejší Gondwany, migrací rostlin přes kontinenty severní polokoule a disperzí přes oceány. Při mezikontinentálním rozšíření řady čeledí však často nehrál roli jen jeden z výše uvedených mechanismů, ale často šlo o jejich kombinace. Tím se stává studium historie různých taxonů komplikovanější. K jejímu odhalení je potřeba mít jasnou představu o stáří jejich jednotlivých vývojových linií, umožňující správnou interpretaci působení konkrétního mechanismu na jejich dnešní rozšíření a diverzitu., The tropical flora and biota of Latin America was influenced during its long history by several events that led to their current diversity and disjunct distribution. Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain the occurrence of the same or closely related families, genera and/or species among fragments of former Gondwana: vicariance, migration of plants across the continents and long distance dispersion. Recent intercontinental distribution of several taxa is commonly a result of their combination. Good knowledge of the age of principal lineages is needed for the correct interpretation of the effect of these mechanisms on the distribution and diversity of the investigated lineages., and Anna Potůčková, Daniel Stančík.
A portable open gas-exchange system (Li-6400, Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) has been widely used for the measurement of net gas exchanges and calibration/parameterization of leaf models. Measurement errors due to diffusive leakage rates of water vapor (LW) and CO2 (LC) between inside and outside of the leaf chamber, and the inward dark transpiration rate (DW) and dark respiration rate (DC) released from the leaf under the gasket, can be significant. Rigorous model-based approaches were developed for estimating leakage coefficients of water vapor (KW) and CO2 (KC) and correcting for the combination of these errors. Models were based on mass balance equations and the Dusty Gas Model for a ternary gas mixture of water vapor, CO2, and dry air. Experiments were conducted using two Li-6400 systems with potato and soybean leaves. Results indicated that models were reliable for estimating KW and KC, and the values varied with instrument, chamber size, gasket condition, and leaf structure. A thermally killed leaf should be used for this determination. Measurement error effects on parameterization of the Farquhar et al. (1980) model as determined by PN/C i curves were substantial and each parameter had its own sensitivity to measurement errors. Results also indicated that all four error sources should be accounted for when correcting measurements., Q. Wang ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a dodatky
Naše znalosti o ekologii a rozšíření řady druhů hub byly po dlouhou dobu založeny pouze na pozorování plodnic a sporulujících útvarů v terénu a na identifikaci izolovaných druhů hub. Nedávné pokroky a dostupnost metod založených na studiu DNA a jejich téměř rutinní používání v laboratořích rozšířilo naše znalosti o substrátech kolonizovaných různými druhy hub. Na druhou stranu se ukázalo, že některé druhy kolonizují stejný substrát, ale na geograficky velmi vzdálených lokalitách. Některé druhy ani nelze zařadit do jasně vymezené ekologické skupiny, mění svou ekologii v průběhu svého životního cyklu., Our information about the ecology and distribution of particular fungal species has for a long time been based only on observations of fruit bodies and sporulating structures in the field and on identification of isolated fungal strains. Recent developments in molecular methods and their routine use in mycology have revealed that some fungi may colonize different substrates than originally supposed. On the other hand, other fungi colonize their typical habitats in localities that are enormously distant from each other. Some fungi may not be easily assigned to a single ecological group, as they change various life styles during their life cycle., and Ondřej Koukol.
a1_The carbon dioxide concentration in free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) systems typically has rapid fluctuations. In our FACE system, power spectral analysis of CO2 concentration measured every second with an open path analyzer indicated peaks in variation with a period of about one minute. I used
open-top chambers to expose cotton and wheat plants to either a constant elevated CO2 concentration of 180 μmol mol-1 above that of outside ambient air, or to the same mean CO2 concentration, but with the CO2 enrichment cycling between about 30 and 330 μmol mol-1 above the concentration of outside ambient air, with a period of one minute. Three short-term replicate plantings of cotton were grown in Beltsville, Maryland with these CO2 concentration treatments imposed for 27-day periods over two summers, and one winter wheat crop was grown from sowing to maturity. In cotton, leaf gas-exchange measurements of the continuously elevated treatment and the fluctuating treatment indicated that the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment consistently resulted in substantial down-regulation of net photosynthetic rate (PN) and stomatal conductance (gs). Total shoot biomass of the vegetative cotton plants in the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment averaged 30% less than in the constantly elevated CO2 concentration treatment at 27 days after planting. In winter wheat, leaf gas-exchange measurements also indicated that down-regulation of PN and gs occurred in flag leaves in the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment, but the effect was not as consistent in other leaves, nor as severe as found in cotton. However, wheat grain yields were 12% less in the fluctuating CO2 concentration treatment compared with the constant elevated CO2 concentration treatment., a2_Comparison with wheat yields in chambers without CO2 addition indicated a nonsignificant increase of 5% for the fluctuating elevated CO2 concentration treatment, and a significant increase of 19% for the constant elevated treatment. The results suggest that treatments with fluctuating elevated CO2 concentrations could underestimate plant growth at projected future atmospheric CO2 concentrations., J. A. Bunce., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In a field experiment, two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Tainong 18 (a large-spike cultivar) and Jinan 17 (a multiple-spike cultivar), were treated with 78% (S1), 50% (S2), and 10% (S3) of full sunshine (S0, control) from anthesis to maturity to determine the responses of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative enzyme activities in a flag leaf. Compared with S0 treatment, the chlorophyll (Chl) content and maximal efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of flag leaves were enhanced in treatments S1 and S2. From 0 to 7 d post flowering, the Chl content and Fv/Fm in S3 were also higher than those in S0, but significantly lower than those in controls, respectively. With the increase of shading intensity, the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) was promoted; whereas, the ratio of Chl a/b declined. Compared with S0, treatments S2 and S3 significantly suppressed the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), net photosynthetic rate (PN), and contents of total soluble sugar, nevertheless, S1 treatment showed positive effects on the above parameters. Under the same shading condition, Jinan 17 had larger Chl content and higher activities of PSII and antioxidative enzymes, but lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content than Tainong 18. The results indicated that multiple-spike cultivar was more advantageous for the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, where shading problem occurs later during the growth period, than the large-spike cultivar, because of the lesser damage in a flag leaf and better photosynthetic function of the former one. Wheat plants under S1 shading condition had relatively high activities of antioxidative enzymes and a low degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, which was in favor of stress resistance, maintaining high PN duration, and accumulation of photosynthates in wheat plants., C. Xu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We studied photosynthetic capacity, growth, sap flow, and water-use efficiency in young trees of ‘Pink Lady’ apple (Malus domestica) that were exposed to 60 d of moisture stress. Three irrigation schemes were tested in the greenhouse: well-watered control; drought; or alternate deficit irrigation (ADI). Compared with the drought-stressed plants, those treated via ADI showed better height growth, larger scion diameters, and greater total leaf area, as well as significantly increased gains in dry biomass and rootstock diameters. However, their performance was still significantly lower than that demonstrated by continuously well-watered plants. Sap flow was greater under ADI than under drought, but less than under control conditions. The average rate of net photosynthesis, total amount of irrigation water applied, and dry biomass gain had highly significant and positive linear correlations with long-term water-use efficiency (WUEL). The same was true between average stomatal conductance and WUEL. By contrast, instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUEI) was very significantly and negatively correlated with WUEL. In addition, values for WUEL were much higher from well-watered plants when compared with either drought-stressed trees or those treated per ADI. Therefore, our results indicate that, although ‘Pink Lady’ apple normally has high WUE, it still consumes a large amount of water. Therefore, the practice of ADI following a period of long-term drought could be used to improve growth and WUEL by this cultivar., X. P. Sun ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii