Social magazines contributed to a great extent to the image of South Slavs which was formed in the consciousness of Czech society in the second half of the 19th century. The period after the fall of neo-absolutism (1860), accompanied by relaxation of political rigour, meant a new stage in the development of Czech national life. Czech periodicals of social character come into existence together with the above mentioned development of national life; they were to replace German papers in bourgeoisie circles. They included e.g. Besedy lidu, Čas, Květy, Obzor, Osvěta, Světozor and Zlatá Praha. Slavic subject matter played an important part in the profile of the individual periodicals. The image of South Slavs, which social periodicals in the Czech society were creating by means of fiction, travel stories, historical and ethnographic scientific literature and, last but not least, by means of illustrations production and reproduction of works of visual artists, was in the spirit of Slavic mutual cooperation. Armed conflicts for the sake of gaining national independence, which create the icon of the South Slav as a fearless fighter for freedom, won the heart of the public. Analogously, archaic autochthonous manifestations the Czech society lacked are sought in the folk culture of South Slavs. Czech society thus created a largely idealized and romantic image of the life and culture of South Slavs, into which it projected its own ideals and desires.
In this paper I defend the rejection of fatalism about the past by showing that there are possible circumstances in which it would be rational to attempt to bring about by our decisions and actions a necessary and sufficient condition, other things being equal, for something which we see as favorable to have occurred in the past. The examples I put forward are analogous to our attempts to bring about the occurrence of future events, and demonstrate the symmetry between the past and the future in this respect., V tomto příspěvku hájím odmítnutí fatalismu o minulosti tím, že dokazuji, že existují možné okolnosti, za kterých by bylo rozumné pokusit se o naše rozhodnutí a činy učinit nezbytnou a dostatečnou podmínkou, jiné věci jsou rovnocenné, za něco, co jsme v minulosti bylo příznivé. Příklady, které jsem předložil, jsou analogické s našimi pokusy o nastolení budoucích událostí a v tomto ohledu ukazují symetrii mezi minulostí a budoucností., and Gal Yehezkel
Experiments were performed to distinguish some of the proposed mechanisms by which thylakoid membranes regulate the performance of photosynthetic apparatus in relation to non-photochemical quenching, qN. Aliphatic diamines were used as uncouplers of transmembrane H+ gradient as they can be transported across the membrane at the expense of hydrogen cations. Diamines did not induce changes in low-temperature fluorescence emission but induced different changes in membrane ultrastructure. Positively charged peptides did not affect membrane ultrastructure but blocked qN. In addition, they caused an increase of low temperature fluorescence emission between 710 and 720 nm. For control peptide, the maximal fluorescence increase was found at 715 nm. Fragments of light-harvesting complex 2 in their phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated form shifted the position of this increase. We believe that peptides bind to membrane surface and reduce the mobility of membrane components whose migration is needed for observation of qN. Phosphorylated and non-phosphophorylated LHC2 fragments bind to different binding sites for corresponding forms of the protein. and D. Štys ... [et al.].
The relations between the patterns of discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) and water loss were investigated in non-chilled diapausing pupae of the white cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae kept at room temperature (22-24°C) in Petri dishes. An electrolytic respirometer, combined with an infrared (IR) actographic device was used for the simultaneous recordings of metabolic rate, cyclic release of carbon dioxide (bursts), passive suction inspirations (PSIs) and body movements. The patterns of cyclic gas exchange in four- and five-month-old non-chilled diapausing pupae varied individually to a considerable extent. About 40% of the pupae displayed long DGCs lasting 1-3 h, while the interburst periods were characterised by rare and almost regular large PSIs succeeding at intervals of 1-4 min. Nearly 30% of the pupae exhibited short DGCs lasting 3-5 min, while between the bursts there occurred unclear frequent gas exchange microcycles. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) did not reveal significant differences between long DGCs and short DGCs ranging from 32-56 (mean 47.6 ± 4.6) ml O2 g-1 h-1, and 28-61 (mean 44.95 ± 5.3) ml O2 g-1 h-1, respectively. The mentioned levels of SMR were characteristic of diapausing pupae.
Water loss in pupae with long DGCs was determined gravimetrically to be 0.29 ± 0.1 mg g-1 day1. At the same time, water loss in pupae that showed only short DGCs and irregular microcycles was 1.73 ± 0.31 mg g-1 day-1, which was significantly higher than in individuals characterised by long DGCs. We suggest that water loss in the non-chilled diapausing pupae may depend significantly on the patterns of cyclic gas exchange: long cycles and rare but deep PSIs exerted a marked water conserving effect.
The aim of this study was to gain more complete information about the relationships between some endogenous antioxidants and the malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidati on, during D -galactose induced senescence. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and the concentrations of uric acid (UA) in plasma and MDA in erythrocyte’s hemolysate, were determined in 15 D -galactose (D-gal), treated rats and compared with 15 placebo. The activity of the erythrocyte’s CAT was found significantly increased due to the senescence. The ratio of the activities of antioxidant enzymes R =SOD/(GPx+CAT) was significantly decreased due to the sen escence and negatively correlated with the MDA ( ρ = -0.524, p=0.045). The antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx negatively correlated with the MDA, while CAT displayed no correlation. Further, the UA positively correlated with the ratio of activities of the antioxidant enzymes R=SOD/(GPx+CAT), ( ρ =0.564, p=0.029 for senescent rats). Obtained results may contribute t o better understanding of the process of D-gal induced senescence in the erythrocytes., M. Mladenov, M. Gokik, N. Hadzi-Petrushev, I. Gjorgoski, N. Jankulovski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Past reports of correlations between Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and leaf succulence are based on multi-species comparisons. When different individuals of the same species were compared in two epiphytic CAM vines growing in a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan, the degree of CAM was not correlated with leaf thickness, a measure of succulence. Leaf chlorophyll (Chl) a and b concentrations and ratios correlated well with leaf succulence, indicating that differences in leaf succulence were likely a result of sun/shade adaptations, not photosynthetic pathway. These findings challenge the assumption that CAM-succulence correlations are causal. and C. E. Martin, R. C.-C. Hsu, T.-C. Lin
a1_In a series of studies in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jan Bures introduced cortical spreading depression to the field of behavioral neuroscience (eg. Bures 1960). This technique offered a unique way to study the role of cortex in learning and memory, and attracted the attention of many who began their graduate studies at that time, including one of us (LN, cf. Nadel 1966). An NIH postdoctoral fellowship to study with the master himself brought LN to Prague in September 1967. Thus began a relationship that included science, politics, and personal life, and has lasted over 30 years1,2. The first scientific exchange began with Jan pulling a piece of paper from his desk with a long list of possible experiments written on it -- “pick one”, he said. This led to a series of studies on interhemispheric transfer of learning under conditions of monocular input, demonstrating, amongst other things, that such transfer is not a uniform process. Depending on the kind of trials given with both hemispheres intact, and the eye which remained open to input, transfer can either be non-specific, likely involving some kind of procedural knowledge, or highly specific, likely involving knowledge about the trained discrimination itself (Nadel and Buresova, 1970). These studies anticipated LN’s future work on multiple memory systems, a research enterprise pursued in the following decades by many labs (including LN’s: e.g. Nadel and O’Keefe 1974, O’Keefe et al. 1975). In this paper we focus on several scientific issues that Jan has been thinking about for the past 25 years. In particular, we consider spatial learning, the hippocampus, and memory. To this mix we add stress, something well known to anyone living in Prague in 1968., a2_LN left Prague after the 1968 invasion and stayed in London for seven months, during which time arrangements were made for an eventual return to the Medical Research Council Cerebral Functions Research Group in 1970. Thus it was that LN happened to be down the hall when John O’Keefe and Jonathan Dostrovsky discovered place cells (O’Keefe and Dostrovsky 1971) and began the program of research leading to the cognitive map theory of hippocampal function (O’Keefe and Nadel 1978)., L. Nadel, J.D. Payne., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of insulin infusion on oxidative stress induced by acute changes in glycemia in non-stressed hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats (hHTG) and Wistar (control) rats. Rats were treated with glucose and either insulin or normal saline infusion for 3 hours followed by 90 min of hyperglycemic (12 mmol/l) and 90 min of euglycemic (6 mmol/l) clamp. Levels of total glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and total antioxidant capacity (AOC) were determined to assess oxidative stress. In steady states of each clamp, glucose infusion rate (GIR) was calculated for evaluation of insulin sensitivity. GIR (mg.kg-1.min-1) was significantly lower in hHTG in comparison with Wistar rats; 25.46 (23.41 - 28.45) vs. 36.30 (27.49 - 50.42) on glycemia 6 mmol/l and 57.18 (50.78 - 60.63) vs. 68.00 (63.61 - 85.92) on glycemia 12 mmol/l. GSH/GSSG ratios were significantly higher in hHTG rats at basal conditions. Further results showed that, unlike in Wistar rats, insulin infusion significantly increases GSH/GSSG ratios in hHTG rats: 10.02 (9.90 - 11.42) vs. 6.01 (5.83 - 6.43) on glycemia 6 mmol/l and 7.42 (7.15 - 7.89) vs. 6.16 (5.74 - 7.05) on glycemia 12 mmol/l. Insulin infusion thus positively influences GSH/GSSG ratio and that way reduces intracellular oxidative stress in insulin-resistant animals., M. Žourek, P. Kyselová, J. Mudra, M. Krčma, Z. Jankovec, S. Lacigová, J. Víšek, Z. Rušavý., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Modal composition and grain-size characteri stics, physical and mechanical propertie s of three samples of Archean gneisses of the Kola series from the depths of 6.8 to 8.4 km of the Kola Superdeep Borehole (KSDB-3) and two collections of their surface analogues were analysed. On the basis of a comparison of the petrographic characteristics of the borehole samples and analogues, it was found that not all analogues are equivalents of corresponding core samples completely. Mechanical properties of core samples are affected by depth of the core sample position in the borehole. This work forms part of the research in the frame of the INTAS Project No.314 "Geodynamics in the cross-section of the Kola superdeep"., Jiřina Trčková, Vladimír Šrein, Martin Šťastný and Roman Živor., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy