Antropologové uznávají jak blízkou podobnost, tak i v ýrazné rozdíly mezi lidmi a lido opy, a z nic h jmenovitě šimpanzi a b onoby. Vedle uznání zjevných biologických charakteristik bylo také třeba, aby primatologové prozkoumali psychologické a sociální podobnosti mezi lidským živočichem a d věma druhy rodu Pan . Jane Goodallová byla průkopnicí dlouhodobého pozorování divokých šimpanzů na k rátkou vzdálenost v j ejich přirozených prostředích. Výsledky převratných výzkumů Harolda Coolidge a F ranse de Waala přispěly podobným způso - bem k p ochopení a p orozumění bonobů. Tyto studie zřetelně svědčí o n ápadném kontrastu mezi agresivním šimpanzem a mír umilovným bo - nobem. Náš vlastní druh nadto sdílí některé psychologické a s ociální aspekty s o běma zmíněnými pongidy. Antropologové tedy dnes mohou s jistotou zasadit všechny tři druhy do evolučního rámce., Anthropologists recognize both the close similarities and distinct differences between the human species and the great apes, especially the chimpanzee and the bonobo. Besides acknowledging the obvious biological characteristics, primatologists needed to also inves - tigate the psychological and social similarities between the human animal and the two Pan species. Jane Goodall pioneered the close-range and long-term observations of wild chimpanzees in their natural habitats. Likewise, Harold Coolidge and Frans de Waal contributed to un - derstanding and appreciating bonobos as a r esult of their ground-breaking research. These studies clearly attest to a s triking contrast between the aggressive chimpanzee and the peaceful bonobo. Furthermore, our own species shares some psychological and social aspects with both of these pongids. Consequently, anthropologists can now confidently place all three species within an evolutionary framework., Ryan J. Trubits, and Literatura
Úvod: Incidence kolorektálního karcinomu narůstá. Nejlepší léčebné výsledky má multimodální léčba, jejíž základní součástí je snaha o R0 resekci všech nádorových ložisek. Materiál a metodika: Byla provedena literární rešerše v souvislosti z vlastními zkušenostmi. Výsledky: Spektrum chirurgických zákroků zahrnuje endoskopickou submukózní resekci, transanální endoskopickou mikrochirurgii, laparoskopické resekce, otevřené resekce a cytoredukční chirurgii s peritonektomií a hypertermickou intraperitoneální chemoterapií. Nově se kromě konceptu totální mezorektální excize začíná uplatňovat také koncept totální mezokolické excize, který vede k nižšímu počtu lokálních recidiv a zvýšenému přežívání. Závěr: Stejně jako protinádorová farmakoterapie se významně stále vyvíjí i chirurgická léčba. K určení správné pozice jednotlivých chirurgických postupů v multimodálním algoritmu léčby je nutné sledování pacientů ve vhodných databázích, případně je léčit v rámci studií., Background: The incidence of colorectal carcinoma has been increasing. Only a multimodal treatment provides the best results. Surgical R0 resection of all tumour sites is the goal of all treatment regimes. Material and methods: A survey on the literature and our experiences has been conducted. Results: Surgical treatment comprises endoscopic submucosal dissection, transanal endoscopic microsurgery, laparoscopy, open surgery and cytoreduction surgery with the hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. The news is the total mesocolic excision that similarly to the total mesorectal excision provides fewer local relapses and higher long-term survival. Conclusion: Similarly to anti-tumoral medical therapy, the surgery has been developing as well. It is necessary to enrol the patients into suitable databases to state the proper position of all surgical methods in the multimodal treatment algorithm., Zdeněk Kala, Petr Kysela, Lenka Ostřížková, Igor Kiss, Vlastimil Válek, Tomáš Andrašina, and Lit.: 3
Karcinom ledviny se liší od ostatních nádorů v mnoha aspektech svým biologickým chováním, s čímž pak také souvisí odlišný terapeutický přístup. Vzhledem k chemorezistenci má v systémové terapii karcinomu ledviny hlavní místo cílená léčba, působící především na vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor, který hraje klíčovou roli v etiopatogenezi a progresi nádorů ledvin., Renal cancer differs from other tumours by its biological behaviour, having an impact on its therapeutic approach. Due to chemoresistance, targeted therapy plays a major role in the treatment of renal carcinoma, targeting mainly vascular endothelial growth factor, a keystone in renal carcinoma etiopathogenesis and progression., Hana Procházková-Študentová, Bohuslav Melichar, and Lit.: 32
Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) is a rare odontogenic tumor associated with aggressive clinical behavior, metastasis and low survival. We report a case of CCOC affecting the maxilla of 62 year-old woman. It was first described as a clinicopathological entity in 1985 and to date only 67 cases were described in the English literature. We are understanding of the behavior of this carcinomas was depend on limited case reports. For these reason we found important to report this case of CCOC in the maxilla., Zahide Mine Yazici, Ozgur Mete, Zubeyde Elmalı, İbrahim Sayin, Rasim Yilmazer, Fatma Tulin Kayhan, and Literatura 8
More than half of all of the children in the world, which die before the age of five, die in Africa. Wider availability of several highly effecti - ve interventions such as oral rehyd - ration therapy in cases of diarrhoea could prevent large proportion of these child deaths. Unfortunately these interventions are usually not available in African countries. Ho - wever both availability of different life-saving health interventions and child mortality varies a lot across African countries. The purpose of this article is to explore what are determinants of child mortality and availability of these interventions in Africa. Both a review of existing research and a statistical analysis of data from 41 African countries point to the quality of governance and control of corruption as the most significant determinant of health system performance and availability of these life-saving interventions in Africa., Jan Klusáček, and Literatura
Comparative assessment of clinical efficiency of omeprazole and rabeprazole in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). 65 patients with a verified diagnosis GERD were examined. Comparative clinical investigations of using of omeprazole and rabeprazole have revealed effectiveness of both drugs in the therapy of GERD. However, rabeprazole showed antisecretory action in the earlier periods, providing stable clinical remission of GERD and early scarring of erosive lesions of the esophageal mucosa, compared with omeprazole., Mirvasit Karimov, Abdujabar Akhmatkhodjaev, and Literatura
The authors demonstrate the possibility of improving surgical results by the reduction of perioperative bleeding in thoracic surgery associated with extended resection procedures. We focused on patients in whom the expected perioperative blood loss was greater than 500 ml. The first group consisted of patients with lung cancer stage III A after neoadjuvant chemotherapy had been indicated to extend the resection procedure. The second group consisted of patients with chest wall and mediastinum tumors of various etiologies. The third group consisted of patients with post-inflammatory thoracic complications in whom combined decortication and pleurectomy was necessary. By the using the local hemostyptic Traumastem TAF on the basis of oxidized cellulose, it is possible to minimize the perioperative blood loss, thus sparing the blood derivative requirement and enabling surgeons to provide the desired treatment even to high-risk patients., Petr Habal, Nedal Omran, Jiří Manďák, Jiří Šimek, Milan Štětina, and Literatura 16
Článek shrnuje použití cytokinů v terapii metastatického karcinomu ledviny od doby, kdy vzhledem k radiorezistentnímu a chemorezistentnímu chování renálního karcinomu byly prakticky jedinou systémovou terapií, až k jejich užití v dnešní době, kdy ustupují do pozadí a nahrazují je nové biologické léky, jako především tyrozinkinázové inhibitory či inhibitory mTOR. Své místo si zachovává pouze interferon-? v kombinaci s bevacizumabem (monoklonální protilátka proti VEGF), jakožto jedna z možností léčby první linie terapie mRCC. Současně se článek také zabývá mechanizmy účinků cytokinů, včetně nežádoucích, které také použití této léčby omezují., The article summarizes the use of cytokines in treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma from the time when, given the radioresistant and chemoresistant properties of renal cell carcinoma, they were virtually the only systemic therapy until present day when they give way and are being replaced with new biological agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors or mTOR inhibitors. It is only interferon-? in combination with bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody against VEGF) that has retained its position as one of the therapeutic options in the first-line treatment for mRCC. The article also deals with the mechanisms of effects of cytokines, including adverse effects that limit the use of this treatment., Michaela Zezulová, Bohuslav Melichar, and Lit.: 23
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate prostate volume changes and prostate motions during radiotherapy.Methods: In 2010, twenty-five patients were treated for prostate cancer by external beam radiotherapy with implanted fiducial markers. Coordinates of three gold markers on kilovoltage images were calculated daily. Volume changes in target structure were observed through changes in intermarker distances. Differences in patient position between laser-tattoo alignment and gold marker localization were evaluated. Intrafraction motion was assessed by measuring marker displacement on kilovoltage images acquired before and after fraction delivery. Results: Prostate shrinkage was observed in 60% of patients. The average shrinkage was 7% of the prostate’s initial volume. Corrections after laser-tattoo alignment remained mostly below 1 cm. The difference between marker centroid position on the actual images and the planning images was 2 ± 1 mm on average. The extension of intrafraction movements was 7.6 ± 0.2 mm on average. Conclusions: In our retrospective study, the possibility for prostate volume changes during radiotherapy was revealed. Intrafraction movements turned out to be the limiting factor in safety margin reduction., Linda Kašaová, Igor Sirák, Jan Jansa, Petr Paluska, Jiří Petera, and Literatura 16