In this article we present some of the problems connected with the formation of the First Czechoslovak Republic from the legal point of view. Our aim is to point out that the First Czechoslovak Republic could not arise for the Slovaks on the 28th of October, 1918. Our argumentation is firstly based on the historical discussion (descriptive level) which was held in the past, but at the same time we try to formulate conclusions applicable on other similar cases within nowadays discussion (prescriptive level). In the beginning of the article we analyse the thesis according to which the First Czechoslovak Republic was created on the 28th of October, 1918, while trying to come to terms with the arguments that support this legal fiction. Consequently we analyze the thesis that the First Czechoslovak Republic could not be legally created for the Slovaks on the 28th of October, 1918, because at that time the Czechoslovak Republic did not execute its effective power on the Slovak territory. To support this thesis we use also the stable practice of the Supreme Administration Court. At the end of the article, we try to summarize all the previous arguments and draw the attention to the lack of explanatory power of the legal fiction claiming that the Czechoslovak Republic was created on the 28th of October, 1918., Štefan Siskovič, Miriam Laclavíková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The article deals with the celebrations for the Czechoslovak First
Republic on the state holiday (October 28) and the visits of Presidents Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš to the Moravian border town Znojmo/Znaim. This town on the
Czech-German “language border” only became part of Czechoslovakia in late December 1918. During the interwar period, both the state holiday as well as the visits of the presidents were used to create loyalty to the state and its local representatives. These events reflect the understanding of the state in local politics. During the twenties, the celebrations on October 28 were solely dominated by Czech parties and resulted in conflicts with their
German counterparts. The understanding of the state holiday changed during the thirties. Against the backdrop of political turmoil in Czechoslovakia and Europe, the festivities on October 28 provided an opportunity to construct unity in a multinational state. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
Historik Václav Chaloupecký (1882-1951) je dnes podle recenzentky do značné míry opomíjenou osobností - v českých zemích je přehlížen, protože zásadní roky své kariéry strávil na Slovensku, a na Slovensku je zase odmítán pro svůj "čechoslovakistický" výklad slovenských dějin. V historiografii je zapomenut, protože se jeho texty jeví z dnešního pohledu jako zastaralé. Jeho biografie z pera mladého historika Milana Ducháčka dle recenzentky nenaplňuje zcela své ambice. Chaloupeckého aktivity totiž nejsou dostatečně zasazeny do dobového kontextu, interpretace jeho díla překračuje meze popisnosti jen v několika pasážích a více než analýzou je chronologickou deskripcí, a kniha také vykazuje některá formální pochybení, komplikující četbu. Přesto však obsáhlá práce prozrazuje důkladnou znalost Chaloupeckého osobnosti a díla, profesionální erudici i literární talent autora., The historian Václav Chaloupecký (1882-1951) is, according to the reviewer, a largely forgotten figure today - in the country of his birth he is ignored because he spent the important years of his career in Slovakia, and in Slovakia he is dismissed for his "Czechoslovakist" interpretation of Slovak history. Historians have forgotten him because his work now seems outdated. According to the reviewer, his biographer, the historian Milan Ducháček, does not quite archieve his aims: He has failed to place Chaloupecký´s activities sufficiently into the context of his time; the interpretation and analysis of Chaloupecký´s work rarely go beyond mere description, and chronological description at that; moreover, the book suffers from problems of structure, making it unnecessarily difficult to read. None the less, this large work displays a thorough knowledge of Chaloupecký, the man and his works, and also the professional erudition and literary skill of its author., [autor recenze] Antonie Doležalová, and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The contribution gives an overview of the experimental hydrological research in former Czechoslovakia in the 1980-ties. The development of hydrological experimental and representative basins is put into the context with UNESCO programs (IHD and IHP) and with the then-existing east-European co-operations, especially with project ''Methodological research in experimental and representative basins''. The contribution outlines the connection of this hydrological activity with project FRIEND in the 1990-ties. and Príspevok podáva prehľad československého hydrologického experimentálneho výskumu v osemdesiatych rokoch minulého storočia. Do kontextu stavia rozvoj hydrologických experimentálnych a reprezentatívnych povodí s programami UNECSO (MHD a MHP) a vtedajšími medzinárodnými spoluprácami, najmä s projektom Metodické výskumy v experimentálnych a reprezentatívnych povodiach. Naznačuje prepojenie tejto hydrologickej činnosti v rokoch deväťdesiatych s programom MHP UNESCO FRIEND.
The early 20th century found both the Czech and the Indian society undergoing a transition which in many respects bore similar characteristics. Both the Indian and the Czech people were striving to achieve independence and both were looking beyond the borders of their countries to find encouragement and support for their cause. The people of the Czech nation, who had already sought self–determination for quite a long period of time, looked with sympathy on the similar struggle of the Indian people. The newly formed Czechoslovakia was now able to create new economic, cultural and social contacts and (later) political relations. The growing interest in India was most apparent in the Department of Indian Studies of the Charles University, in the Oriental Institute (Prague) established in 1922 and in the Indian Society launched at the Oriental Institute in 1934. The Czech scholars who focused on Indian studies, namely Vincenc Lesný, Otakar Pertold and Moriz Winternitz, among others, spent long periods of time in India, where they made contacts with leading Indian scholars, artists and national leaders. Some Indians who visited Czechoslovakia (Subhas Chandra Bose, Rabindranath Tagore and Jawaharlal Nehru etc.) developed deep sympathy and friendship towards Czechoslovakia and her people, which they especially expressed during the Munich crisis (1938) and in the following years.
On August 21, 1968, the Soviet and its Warsaw Pact allies invaded the Czechoslovak Republic, after negotiations failed, to prevent Alexander Dubcek´s Prague Spring reforms from continuing. The Soviets mustered thousands of troops from most Warsaw pact countries. The invasion was successful in stopping democratization reforms and strengthening the authority of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. and Jitka Vondrová.
Příspěvek představuje edici korespondence egyptologů Jaroslava Černého a Františka Lexy doplněnou o úvodní studii. Působení Lexy a Černého položilo základy novodobé československé (a tedy též české) egyptologie, jejíž počátky závisely mnohem více na osobním nasazení dějinných aktérů, nežli na formování institucionálního základu. Korespondence, zejména dopisy, které zasílal J. Černý F. Lexovi v meziválečném období, tedy ve 20. a 30 letech, ilustruje dobře úsilí obou mužů, jejichž cílem bylo ustavit seminář, rozvinout metodologické základy oboru a zajistit přístup k archeologické práci v Egyptě. Posledně zmíněný krok se zdařil s pomocí prvního československého vyslance v Egyptě, Cyrilla Duška, a také díky zásadní pomoci a spolupráci Francouzského ústavu orientální archeologie v Káhiře. Černý také vybudoval síť mezinárodního kontaktů a zprostředkoval poznatky a praktiky mezinárodní egyptologie pro okruh Lexových studentů v Praze., This paper contains an edition of letters and an introductory essay concerning Egyptologists Jaroslav Černý and František Lexa. The careers of Egyptologists Lexa and Černý laid foundations for the history of modern Czechoslovak (and by extension Czech) Egyptology, which depended more on personal efforts than on an institutional background. The correspondence sent by Černý to Lexa during the interwar period (the 1920s to 1930s) illustrates well the efforts of the two men to institute a seminar, develop a methodology of their scholarship and establish a fieldwork position in Egypt. The latter was obtained with the help of the first Czechoslovak envoy in Egypt, Cyrill Dušek, and of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology, the support of which was decisive. Černý developed a network of international contacts and mediated transmission of knowledge to Lexa and the circle of students in Prague., and Překlad resumé: Hana Navrátilová a Melvyn Clarke
The political changes after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 in Czechoslovakia fundamentally affected the life of society, including the form of education. The socialist concept of the unified school was abandoned in connection with the overall desire to decentralise and deregulate the structures created during the period of state socialism. However, the immediate impact on the life of schools can vary locally and be influenced by the nature of the environment. The study focusses on the context in which these changes impacted the everyday life of elementary schools in rural South Moravia, and it traces local specificities by analysing school chronicles and the memories of teachers who experienced the period of transformation in rural schools. It focusses in particular on personnel changes, the transformation of the relationship between schools and municipalities, and the dynamics of the influence of long-term processes of modernisation and political changes on school life.