For lower-semicontinuous and convex stochastic processes Zn and nonnegative random variables ϵn we investigate the pertaining random sets A(Zn,ϵn) of all ϵn-approximating minimizers of Zn. It is shown that, if the finite dimensional distributions of the Zn converge to some Z and if the ϵn converge in probability to some constant c, then the A(Zn,ϵn) converge in distribution to A(Z,c) in the hyperspace of Vietoris. As a simple corollary we obtain an extension of several argmin-theorems in the literature. In particular, in contrast to these argmin-theorems we do not require that the limit process has a unique minimizing point. In the non-unique case the limit-distribution is replaced by a Choquet-capacity.
Any given increasing [0,1]2→[0,1] function is completely determined by its contour lines. In this paper we show how each individual uninorm property can be translated into a property of contour lines. In particular, we describe commutativity in terms of orthosymmetry and we link associativity to the portation law and the exchange principle. Contrapositivity and rotation invariance are used to characterize uninorms that have a continuous contour line.
We compare the forcing-related properties of a complete Boolean algebra ${\mathbb B}$ with the properties of the convergences $\lambda _{\mathrm s}$ (the algebraic convergence) and $\lambda _{\mathrm {ls}}$ on ${\mathbb B}$ generalizing the convergence on the Cantor and Aleksandrov cube, respectively. In particular, we show that $\lambda _{\mathrm {ls}}$ is a topological convergence iff forcing by ${\mathbb B}$ does not produce new reals and that $\lambda _{\mathrm {ls}}$ is weakly topological if ${\mathbb B}$ satisfies condition $(\hbar )$ (implied by the ${\mathfrak t}$-cc). On the other hand, if $\lambda _{\mathrm {ls}}$ is a weakly topological convergence, then ${\mathbb B}$ is a $2^{\mathfrak h}$-cc algebra or in some generic extension the distributivity number of the ground model is greater than or equal to the tower number of the extension. So, the statement “The convergence $\lambda _{\mathrm {ls}}$ on the collapsing algebra ${\mathbb B}=\mathop {\mathrm {ro}} (^{<\omega }\omega _2)$ is weakly topological“ is independent of ZFC.
We introduce and discuss the test space problem as a part of the whole copula fitting process. In particular, we explain how an efficient copula test space can be constructed by taking into account information about the existing dependence, and we present a complete overview of bivariate test spaces for all possible situations. The practical use will be illustrated by means of a numerical application based on an illustrative portfolio containing the S&P 500 Composite Index, the JP Morgan Government Bond Index and the NAREIT All index.
According to the standard cosmological model, 27 % of the Universe consists of some mysterious dark matter, 68 % consists of even more mysterious dark energy, whereas only less than 5 % corresponds to baryonic matter composed from known elementary particles. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the proposed ratio 27 : 5 between the amount of dark matter and baryonic matter is considerably overestimated. Dark matter and partly also dark energy might result from inordinate extrapolations, since reality is identified with its mathematical model. Especially, we should not apply results that were verified on the scale of the Solar System during several hundreds of years to the whole Universe and extremely long time intervals without any bound of the modeling error.
We derive a curvature identity that holds on any 6-dimensional Riemannian manifold, from the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for a 6-dimensional closed Riemannian manifold. Moreover, some applications of the curvature identity are given. We also define a generalization of harmonic manifolds to study the Lichnerowicz conjecture for a harmonic manifold "a harmonic manifold is locally symmetric" and provide another proof of the Lichnerowicz conjecture refined by Ledger for the 4-dimensional case under a slightly more general setting., Yunhee Euh, Jeong Hyeong Park, Kouei Sekigawa., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The correlation between baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and the spectrum component at a frequency of 0.1 Hz of pulse intervals (PI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was studied. SBP and PI of 51 subjects were recorded beat-to-beat at rest (3 min), during exercise (0.5 W/kg of body weight, 9 min), and at rest (6 min) after exercise. BRS was determined by a spectral method (a modified alpha index technique). The subjects were divided into groups according to the spectral amplitude of SBP at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. The following limits of amplitude (in mm Hg) were used: very high ≥ 5.4 (VH); high 5.4 > H ≥ 3 (H); medium 3 > M ≥ 2 (M), low < 2 (L). We analyzed the relationships between 0.1 Hz variability in PI and BRS at rest, during the exercise and during recovery in subgroups VH, H, M, L. The 0.1 Hz variability of PI increased significantly with increasing BRS in each of the groups with identical 0.1 Hz variability in SBP. This relationship was shifted to the lower values of PI variability at the same BRS with a decrease in SBP variability. The primary SBP variability increased during exercise. The interrelationship between the variability of SBP, PI and BRS was identical at rest and during exercise. A causal interrelationship between the 0.1 Hz variability of SBP and PI, and BRS was shown. During exercise, the increasing primary variability in SBP due to sympathetic activation was present, but it did not change the relationship between variability in pulse intervals and BRS., N. Honzíková, A. Krtička, Z. Nováková, E. Závodná., and Obsahuje bibliografii