Pokrok, který přineslo 20. století v exaktních vědách, se druhotně projevil také v archeologii. Snaha poznat aspekty vývoje společnosti z pohledu, který nepostihly písemné prameny, vedla k těsné spolupráci s přírodovědnými a technickými obory při řešení otázek v rámci záchrany a rekonstrukce malostranské rotundy sv. Václava na Matematicko-fyzikální fakultě Univerzity Karlovy., The progress made in exact sciences in the 20th century is also evident in archaeology. The effort to grasp aspects of society’s development from a point untouched by written sources has led to a close cooperation between natural-scientific and technical disciplines during the preservation and restoration of St. Wenceslas Rotunda at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University., Jarmila Čiháková, Martin Vlach, Luboš Veverka, Ilona Vlachová, Ivo Světlík., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The well known types of routes in graphs and directed graphs, such as walks, trails, paths, and induced paths, are characterized using axioms on vertex sequences. Thus non-graphic characterizations of the various types of routes are obtained.
A computationally simple method for generating reduced-order models that minimise the L2 norm of the approximation error while preserving a number of second-order information indices as well as the steady-state value of the step response, is presented. The method exploits the energy-conservation property peculiar to the Routh reduction method and the interpolation property of the L2-optimal approximation. Two examples taken from the relevant literature show that the suggested techniques may lead to approximations that are not worse than those afforded by popular more cumbersome techniques.
Exercise stimulates increases in heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO). These adaptive mechanisms are strongly dependent on the type of exercise. Both rowing and cycling are widely used for physical training worldwide; however, evidence regarding the differences in major hemodynamic parameters during rowing and cycling remains insufficient. Ten healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to perform either a rowing or cycling exercise. After 20 min rest, the group who had rowed first performed the cycling exercise and vice versa. Exercise was performed at a power-to-weight ratio of 2 W/kg for 2 min. HR, SV, CO and blood pressure (BP) were measured noninvasively using pulse-wave analysis at baseline and immediately after each exercise. HR, SV and CO were significantly higher after exercise than at rest. Whereas HR was comparable between rowing and cycling, SV and CO were significantly higher after rowing than after cycling. BP was comparable among all three measurements. Rowing increased SV and CO to a greater extent than cycling, whereas HR and BP were not influenced by the type of exercise. Our data suggest that rowing leads to more extensive stimulation of cardiac contractility and/or decreases in peripheral vascular resistance compared with cycling., P. Horn, P. Ostadal, B. Ostadal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Adjuvant therapy and radiotherapy improves the survival of patients with metastatic and locally advanced gastric cancer (GC). However, the resistance to radiotherapy limits its clinical usage. Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) functions as an oncogene and confers resistance to ultraviolet B-radiation and apoptosis- inducing agents. Here, the role of RTKN2 in radiosensitivity of GC cell lines was investigated. RTKN2 was found to be elevated in GC tissues and cells. A series of functional assays revealed that overexpression of RTKN2 induced GC cell proliferation, promoted GC cell migration and invasion, while inhibiting GC cell apoptosis. However, silence of RTKN2 promoted GC cell apoptosis, while repressing GC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. GC cells were exposed to irradiation, and data from cell survival and apoptotic assays showed that knock-down of RTKN2 enhanced radiosensitivity of GC through up-regulation of apoptosis and down-regulation of proliferation in irradiation-exposed GC cells. Moreover, the protein expression of β-catenin and c-Myc in GC cells was enhanced by RTKN2 over-expression, but reduced by RTKN2 silence. Interference of RTKN2 down-regulated nuclear β-catenin expression, while up-regulating cytoplasmic β-catenin in GC. In conclusion, RTKN2 contributed to cell growth and radioresistance in GC through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling.
We present a review about the relationship between ryanodine receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels in myocardium, and also how both of them are related to protein kinase A. Ryanodine receptors, which have three subtypes (RyR1-3), are located on the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Different subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels interact with ryanodine receptors in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. The mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling is therefore different in the skeletal and cardiac muscle. However, in both tissues ryanodine receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels seem to be physically connected. FK-506 binding proteins (FKBPs) are bound to ryanodine receptors, thus allowing their concerted activity, called coupled gating. The activity of both ryanodine receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels is positively regulated by protein kinase A. These effects are, therefore, components of the mechanism of sympathetic stimulation of myocytes. The specificity of this enzyme’s targeting is achieved by using different A kinase adapting proteins. Different diseases are related to inborn or acquired changes in ryanodine receptor activity in cardiac myocytes. Mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene can cause catecholamine-provoked ventricular tachycardia. Changes in phosphorylation state of ryanodine receptors can provide a credible explanation for the development of heart failure. The restoration of their normal level of phosphorylation could explain the positive effect of beta-blockers in the treatment of this disease. In conclusion, molecular interactions of ryanodine receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels with PKA have a significant physiological role. However, their defects and alterations can result in serious disturbances., M. M. Petrovič, K. Valeš, B. Putnikovič, V. Djulejič, D. M. Mitrovič., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy