The four decades of breath-taking political and economic changes in China raise a host of questions about the governance of this, in many ways unique, world power. The authors analyse the economic, political and historical context of the origins and operation of the present-day Chinese political model, the country’s legal system and the role of the Communist Party in the Chinese society, similar in many ways to the role previously played by China’s imperial dynasties. They also highlight the new trends in Chinese domestic politics and foreign policy of the late 2010s, which bear witness to a sustained effort of the Chinese political leadership to enhance China’s great-power status on the global stage., Miloš Balabán, Michal Tomášek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The integral inequalities known for the Lebesgue integral are discussed in the framework of the Choquet integral. While the Jensen inequality was known to be valid for the Choquet integral without any additional constraints, this is not more true for the Cauchy, Minkowski, Hölder and other inequalities. For a fixed monotone measure, constraints on the involved functions sufficient to guarantee the validity of the discussed inequalities are given. Moreover, the comonotonicity of the considered functions is shown to be a sufficient constraint ensuring the validity of all discussed inequalities for the Choquet integral, independently of the underlying monotone measure.
This article is focused on describing conditions of the recognition of the civil status of transsexual and transgender people (trans persons) in the Czech Republic, or former Czechoslovakia. It is based on a questionnaire created for the purposes of the XX International Congress of Comparative Law, Japan, Fukuoka, 2018. The Czech Republic' national report aims to be a basic but thorough resource of legal information relating to the civil status of trans persons for future comparative analyses of the International Academy of Comparative Law., Zdeňka Králíčková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
A digraph is associated with a finite group by utilizing the power map f: G → G defined by f(x) = xkfor all x \in G, where k is a fixed natural number. It is denoted by γG(n, k). In this paper, the generalized quaternion and 2-groups are stud- ied. The height structure is discussed for the generalized quaternion. The necessary and sufficient conditions on a power digraph of a 2-group are determined for a 2-group to be a generalized quaternion group. Further, the classification of two generated 2-groups as abelian or non-abelian in terms of semi-regularity of the power digraphs is completed., Uzma Ahmad, Muqadas Moeen., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
A Lie algebra $\mathfrak {g}$ is called two step nilpotent if $\mathfrak {g}$ is not abelian and $[\mathfrak {g},\mathfrak {g}]$ lies in the center of $\mathfrak {g}$. Two step nilpotent Lie algebras are useful in the study of some geometric problems, such as commutative Riemannian manifolds, weakly symmetric Riemannian manifolds, homogeneous Einstein manifolds, etc. Moreover, the classification of two-step nilpotent Lie algebras has been an important problem in Lie theory. In this paper, we study two step nilpotent indecomposable Lie algebras of dimension $8$ over the field of complex numbers. Based on the study of minimal systems of generators, we choose an appropriate basis and give a complete classification of two step nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension $8$.
Let $\Delta$ be a pure simplicial complex on the vertex set $[n]=\{1,\ldots,n\}$ and $I_\Delta$ its Stanley-Reisner ideal in the polynomial ring $S=K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$. We show that $\Delta$ is a matroid (complete intersection) if and only if $S/I_\Delta^{(m)}$ ($S/I_\Delta^m$) is clean for all $m\in\mathbb{N}$ and this is equivalent to saying that $S/I_\Delta^{(m)}$ ($S/I_\Delta^m$, respectively) is Cohen-Macaulay for all $m\in\mathbb{N}$. By this result, we show that there exists a monomial ideal $I$ with (pretty) cleanness property while $S/I^m$ or $S/I^{(m)}$ is not (pretty) clean for all integer $m\geq3$. If $\dim(\Delta)=1$, we also prove that $S/I_\Delta^{(2)}$ ($S/I_\Delta^2$) is clean if and only if $S/I_\Delta^{(2)}$ ($S/I_\Delta^2$, respectively) is Cohen-Macaulay., Somayeh Bandari, Ali Soleyman Jahan., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Both collective publications (Prefab houses 1: Fifty prefab housing schemes in the Czech Lands. A critical catalogue of the “Prefab house story” series of exhibitions and Prefab houses 2: History of housing schemes in the Czech Lands 1945–1989. A critical catalogue of the “Residence – prefab housing scheme: Planning, realization, housing 1945–1989” exhibition) are products of a broadly conceived interdisciplinary research project the deliverables of which included, inter alia, exhibitions in Prague and all regional capitals of the Czech Republic and which were awarded the prestigious Magnesia Litera prize in 2018 as an extraordinary feat in the fi eld of professional and educational literature. In the reviewer’s opinion, they bring the fi rstever systematic attempt to periodize the prefab-based building projects in the Czech part of the former Czechoslovakia between the mid-1940s and the end of the 1980s, at the same time providing a multifaceted characterization based on a representative sample of fifty prefab housing schemes in Bohemia and Moravia. and Each of them was subjected to a thorough artistic-historical analysis outlining the development of the housing scheme’s concept, providing brief information about its authors, describes its urbanistic concept, prefab technology used, and artefacts and decorations. Added to the above is a set of interdepartmental studies analyzing different aspects of the historical development of prefab housing schemes. The compact collective of authoresses and authors has succeeded in presenting the prefab housing schemes, no matter how similar they may seem, as a varied and dynamically developing phenomenon, which fact is underlined by excellent work with archival photographs and the generally outstanding graphic layout of the publications. The only critical comment the reviewer has is that the authors were so absorbed by the architectural aspect of the matter that they tended to overlook substantial changes of the socialist urbanism in Czechoslovakia.
The Hypercolumri (HCM) neural network model is an unsupervised
competitive network consisting of hierarchical layers of the Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map (HSOM) neural networks arranged by similar to the cell planes in the Neocognitron (NC) neural network. The HCM model combines the advantages of both the HSOM and the NC while rejecting their disadvantages, and alleviates many difficulties associated with image recognition applications. It can recognize images with variant objects size, position, orientation, and spatial resolution. However, due to the hierarchical structure of the HCM model, the network spends a long tirne in the recognition. In this paper, the HCM model is introduced with a new competitive algorithm that reduces the network recognition tinie into a realtime range. The proposed algorithm uses the subset frorri the most discriminate codebook of the network weights to find the winner of each HSOM in the hrst layer of the HCM model.
Acanthocephalans are a small group of obligate endoparasites. They and rotifers are recently placed in a group called Syndermata. However, phylogenetic relationships within classes of acanthocephalans, and between them and rotifers, have not been well resolved, possibly due to the lack of molecular data suitable for such analysis. In this study, the mitochondrial (mt) genome was sequenced from Pallisentis celatus (Van Cleave, 1928), an acanthocephalan in the class Eoacanthocephala, an intestinal parasite of rice-field eel, Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793), in China. The complete mt genome sequence of P. celatus is 13855 bp long, containing 36 genes including 12 protein‑coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) as reported for other acanthocephalan species. All genes are encoded on the same strand and in the same direction. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that acanthocephalans are closely related with a clade containing bdelloids, which then correlates with the clade containing monogononts. The class Eoacanthocephala, containing P. celatus and Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Van Cleave, 1921) was closely related to the Palaeacanthocephala. It is thus indicated that acanthocephalans may be just clustered among groups of rotifers. However, the resolving of phylogenetic relationship among all classes of acanthocephalans and between them and rotifers may require further sampling and more molecular data.