In this paper, firstly basic concepts of the structural reliability will be summarized in terms of two basic variables, i.e. structural response (R) and load efect (S). The uncertainty in structural response could be statistically characterized by mean and coefficient of variation (ΩR). Based on these formulations, there must be an upper limit of ΩR for the pre-specified acceptable level of reliability (pf). The increment of coefficient of variation of load effect (Ωs) shows minor influence on the central factor of safety (FS) and its effect diminishes rapidly where ΩR approaches the upper limit. Below this limit, the structural system could be used safely for a pre-specified target reliability. For lower value of ΩR, the target FS could be determined from the quadratic relationship between ΩR and ΩS., The structural response for foundations is typically a function of soil properties, sections and dimensions. It is not uncommon that uncertainties in soil properties could be normal or non-normal probability distribution and the relationship among basic variables in forming the structural response could be either non-linear or so complicated that results could be obtained from finite element analyses only. Fortunately, the randomness of structural response could be obtained by Monte Carlo simulation technique. Then the fitted distribution of outcome experiments could be specified by Goodness-of-Fit tests. The applicability of proposed concepts could be demonstrated in numerical examples, e.g. driven pile, spread footing and bored pile. For the conventional design approach, soil parameters ae considered to be constant. The solution is simplified thorough the use of deterministic safety factor. In reality, soil is neither isotropic nor homogeneous such that their uncertainties could not be ignored. References to the calculated failure probability evidence that deterministic safety factor could not guarantee enough safety. In some cases, an FS of 3 or more is not considered too conservative to apply for the structural response., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The purpose of this study is to provide new insights into our understanding of Indian traditional concepts of painting and into the painter from the point of view of Sanskrit technical treatises. A number of śilpa śāstras explain the concept of painting by highlighting the divine origin of this art, which is defined in the narrative of two myths and in the establishment of traditional authorities such as Lord Viśvakarman and Nagnajit. Closely linked to the divine origin of this art is that of the auspiciousness attached to painting: the texts in this analysis explain the auspicious and inauspicious characteristics of painting, stressing the importance of concepts such as measurement, proportion, beauty and colors. This study will finally examine the painter himself who is considered by the śilpa śāstras as someone capable of grasping and using all these notions together in a skillful way. This article also seeks to highlight some critical discrepancies between the painter as described in the śilpa śāstras and the painter as described in secondary literature, in which he is sometimes identified with a yogī.
GNSS meteorology is the remote sensing of the atmosphere (particularly troposphere) using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to deliver information about its state. The two currently available navigation satellite systems are the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) maintained by the United States and Russia, respectively. The Galileo navigation satellite system, which is under supervision of the European Space Agency (ESA), is expected to be completed within the time frame of a few years. Continuous observations from GNSS receivers provide an excellent tool for studying the earth’s atmosphere. The GNSS meteorology has reached a point, where there is a need to improve methods not only to compute Integrated Water Vapor over the GNSS receiver, but also to investigate the water vapor distribution in space and time (4DWVD). Since 2008, the new national permanent GNSS network ASG-EUPOS (98 stations) has been established in Poland. 17 Polish stations equipped with GNSS receivers and uniform meteorological sensors work currently in the frame of the European Permanent Network. This paper presents the concept of the integrated investigations for NRT atmosphere model construction based on the GNSS and meteorological observations from ASG-EUPOS stations., Jarosław Bosy, Witold Rohm and Jan Sierny., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this paper some properties of quadratic forms whose base points lie in the point set Fπ , the fundamental domain of the modular group, and transforming these forms into the reduced forms with the same discriminant ∆ < 0 are given.
The gene for connexin 37 (Cx37) is considered to be one of the candidate genes for cardiovascul ar disease. We evaluated the association between Cx37 (1019C>T) gene polymorphism (Pro319Ser) and ankle brachial blood pressure index (ABI) in women with type 1 (n=178) and ty pe 2 (n=111) diabetes, and in women from general population (n=862). All women were genotyped for Cx37 polymorphism. In addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, ABI was analyzed. In women with type 1 diabetes, ABI significantly decreased from TT to CC carriers (p for trend= 0.008). A similar trend was seen in women with type 2 diabetes (p=0.050) and in women with waist circumference above 75 th percentile (94 cm; n=208) of the general population (p=0.049). The gene for Cx37 was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in women with type 1 and 2 diabetes and in women with advanced central obesity. The presence of C allele indicated increased risk., J. Piťha, J. A. Hubáček, P. Piťhová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Seismic and rock burst hazards still currently appear to be important in most hard coal mines in Poland. Recently, there has been a significant increase in seismic activity in the Silesian rock mass, in comparison to previous years. In the period 2001-2010, hard coal mines experienced 33 rock bursts. The causes of rock burst occurrences are here presented, based on an analysis of the rock bursts that occurred in Polish hard coal mines. The scale of the rock burst hazard has been characterized with respect to the mining and geological conditions of the existing exploitation. The most essential of the factors influencing the status of rock burst hazard is considered to be the depth of the interval, ranging from 550 m to 1150 m. The basic factors that cause rock burst to occur are as follows: seismogenic strata, edges and remnants, goafs, faults, pillars and excessive panelling. The consequences of rock bursts are damaged and/or destroyed roadways. On this basis, the areas (ranges) of safe zones were selected as being those safe from rock burst hazard in roadways, according to the assessment conducted to establish different degrees of the risk., Renata Patyńska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The traditional notion of Herzl, the symbol, with vague and naive Zionist self-awareness, was abandoned in academic circles some time ago. The question is whether the scarce and fragmented sources on his ideological make-up can serve he purpose of drawing any fundamental conclusions. In spite of the visionary tendencies Herzl displayed, there are intellectual moments in his thinking that deserve attention. His ideas may not be perceived as systematic but they do represent a specific trend in Zionist ideology, as embodied in his notion of the Jews´State. Herzl´s alleged return to Judaism and his often-ignored ideas on social and political issues best demonstrate the consistency of his ideological viewpoint.
Let $\lambda $ and $\mu $ be solid sequence spaces. For a sequence of modulus functions $\Phi =(\varphi _{k})$ let $ \lambda (\Phi )= \lbrace x=(x_{k}) \: (\varphi _{k}(|x_{k}|))\in \lambda \rbrace $. Given another sequence of modulus functions $\Psi =(\psi _{k})$, we characterize the continuity of the superposition operators ${P_{f}}$ from $\lambda (\Phi )$ into $\mu (\Psi )$ for some Banach sequence spaces $\lambda $ and $\mu $ under the assumptions that the moduli $\varphi _{k}$ $(k \in \mathbb{N})$ are unbounded and the topologies on the sequence spaces $\lambda (\Phi )$ and $\mu (\Psi )$ are given by certain F-norms. As applications we consider superposition operators on some multiplier sequence spaces of Maddox type.
We consider the functional equation f(xf(x)) = ϕ(f(x)) where ϕ: J → J is a given increasing homeomorphism of an open interval J ⊂ (0, ∞) and f : (0, ∞) → J is an unknown continuous function. In a series of papers by P. Kahlig and J. Smítal it was proved that the range of any non-constant solution is an interval whose end-points are fixed under ϕ and which contains in its interior no fixed point except for 1. They also provide a characterization of the class of monotone solutions and prove a necessary and sufficient condition for any solution to be monotone. In the present paper we give a characterization of the class of continuous solutions of this equation: We describe a method of constructing solutions as pointwise limits of solutions which are piecewise monotone on every compact subinterval. And we show that any solution can be obtained in this way. In particular, we show that if there exists a solution which is not monotone then there is a continuous solution which is monotone on no subinterval of a compact interval I ⊂ (0, ∞).
An edge $e$ of a $k$-connected graph $G$ is said to be $k$-removable if $G-e$ is still $k$-connected. A subgraph $H$ of a $k$-connected graph is said to be $k$-contractible if its contraction results still in a $k$-connected graph. A $k$-connected graph with neither removable edge nor contractible subgraph is said to be minor minimally $k$-connected. In this paper, we show that there is a contractible subgraph in a $5$-connected graph which contains a vertex who is not contained in any triangles. Hence, every vertex of minor minimally $5$-connected graph is contained in some triangle.