We consider the functional equation f(xf(x)) = ϕ(f(x)) where ϕ: J → J is a given increasing homeomorphism of an open interval J ⊂ (0, ∞) and f : (0, ∞) → J is an unknown continuous function. In a series of papers by P. Kahlig and J. Smítal it was proved that the range of any non-constant solution is an interval whose end-points are fixed under ϕ and which contains in its interior no fixed point except for 1. They also provide a characterization of the class of monotone solutions and prove a necessary and sufficient condition for any solution to be monotone. In the present paper we give a characterization of the class of continuous solutions of this equation: We describe a method of constructing solutions as pointwise limits of solutions which are piecewise monotone on every compact subinterval. And we show that any solution can be obtained in this way. In particular, we show that if there exists a solution which is not monotone then there is a continuous solution which is monotone on no subinterval of a compact interval I ⊂ (0, ∞).
We consider the functional equation f(xf(x)) = ϕ(f(x)) where ϕ: J → J is a given homeomorphism of an open interval J ⊂ (0, ∞) and f : (0, ∞) → J is an unknown continuous function. A characterization of the class S(J,ϕ) of continuous solutions f is given in a series of papers by Kahlig and Smítal 1998–2002, and in a recent paper by Reich et al. 2004, in the case when ϕ is increasing. In the present paper we solve the converse problem, for which continuous maps f : (0, ∞) → J, where J is an interval, there is an increasing homeomorphism ϕ of J such that f ∈ S(J,ϕ). We also show why the similar problem for decreasing ϕ is difficult.