The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecules are a group of high molecular weight, negatively charged polysaccharides present abundantly in the mammalian organism. By their virtue of ion and water binding capacity, they may affect the redistribution of body fluids and ultimately the blood pressure. Data from the literature suggests that the mitogens Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C are able to regulate the amount and charge density of GAGs and their detachment from the cell surface. Based on these findings we investigated the relationship between the level of dietary sodium intake, the expression levels of VEGF-A and VEGF-C, and the amount of the skin GAGs hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in an in vivo rat model. Significant correlation between dietary sodium intake, skin sodium levels and GAG content was found. We confirmed the GAG synthesizing role of VEGF-C but failed to prove that GAGs are degraded by VEGF-A. No significant difference in blood pressure was registered between the different dietary groups. A quotient calculated form the ion and water content of the skin tissue samples suggests that - in contrast to previous findings - the osmotically inactive ions and bound water fractions are proportional., D. Sugár, R. Agócs, E. Tatár, G. Tóth, P. Horváth, E. Sulyok, A. J. Szabó., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper focuses on a new model called fuzzy exchange economy (FXE), which integrates fuzzy consumption, fuzzy initial endowment and the agent's fuzzy preference (vague attitude) in the fuzzy consumption set. Also, the existence of the fuzzy competitive equilibrium for the FXE is verified through a related pure exchange economy. We define a core-like concept (called weak fuzzy core) of the FXE and prove that any fuzzy competitive allocation belongs to the weak fuzzy core. The fuzzy replica economy, which is the r-fold repetition of the FXE, is considered. Finally, we show that the weak fuzzy core of the r-fold fuzzy replica economy, i. e., the set of all fuzzy allocations which cannot be blocked by any coalition of agents, converges to the set of fuzzy competitive allocations of the FXE as r becomes large.
A convergence structure generalizing the order convergence structure on the set of Hausdorff continuous interval functions is defined on the set of minimal usco maps. The properties of the obtained convergence space are investigated and essential links with the pointwise convergence and the order convergence are revealed. The convergence structure can be extended to a uniform convergence structure so that the convergence space is complete. The important issue of the denseness of the subset of all continuous functions is also addressed.
We consider the functional equation f(xf(x)) = ϕ(f(x)) where ϕ: J → J is a given homeomorphism of an open interval J ⊂ (0, ∞) and f : (0, ∞) → J is an unknown continuous function. A characterization of the class S(J,ϕ) of continuous solutions f is given in a series of papers by Kahlig and Smítal 1998–2002, and in a recent paper by Reich et al. 2004, in the case when ϕ is increasing. In the present paper we solve the converse problem, for which continuous maps f : (0, ∞) → J, where J is an interval, there is an increasing homeomorphism ϕ of J such that f ∈ S(J,ϕ). We also show why the similar problem for decreasing ϕ is difficult.
In 1965 the PD-1 mapping borehole was drilled in the classical location in Březno u Loun in the Ohře facies region. It was examined by many authors with various results. In 2006 the re vision of these results was pe rformed in archival samples. Carbonate content and insoluble residue minerals were determined. The gathered data were compared with similarly examined boreholes in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. The correlation showed that in the western and eastern Poohří region the profiles with different stratigraphy level were compared. After the elimination of this discrepancy the actual stratigraphy of the Poohří region can be easily compared with the other regions of the basin. The Č. Zahálka's statement of the equivalency of the sediment filling of the Ohře facies region and the Jizera formation in the Kokořín region is correct. This fact was validated by the Pd-1 borehole profile, where, due to a tectonic coupling, yet unknown, missing part of the youngest sediments of the Teplice and Březno formations (the real zone Xd) was conserved., Zdeněk Štaffen., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The road traffic accidents (RTA) cause large dainage on human health and life, material and environmental damages. The human resource losses represent the main component of the social costs of RTA. These total costs are estimated at per cents of GDP. The severity and effects of the sleep-related RTA are similar to the alcohol-related RTA. According to foreign studies they comprise 1 to 25% of all accidents. In the Czech Republic these data are not available, the amount of social costs of the sleep-related RTA can be estimated at billions of CZK yearly.
In October 1932 Iraq was accepted as a member of the League of Nations and the British mandate was terminated. It was the first modernArab state to achieve (formal) independence. It was also the first to experience a military coup d’état in 1936. Staff Lt. General Bakr Şidqī, Commander of the 2nd division at Kirkūk was, during the absence of his superior, made acting chief of staff and took advantage of his temporary post to carry out a military coup d’état. He established a precedent which was to be followed many times in Arab politics. The first military coup d’état, originating from new sources of political power, produced an almost complete change in the operation of the machinery of government. No other incident, since the establishment of the kingdom in 1921, had such far-reaching effects on the internal politics of Iraq.
Using the planning in Prague between the 1960s and 1980s as an example, the article deals with the transformation of the concept of a socialist city among urbanists and architects. The author describes how the generation of the inter-war modernist avant-garde inspired by works of Karel Teige (1900-1951) started reasserting itself again after Khrushchevʼs speech on architecture in 1954. Its infl uential member, Jiří Voženílek (1909-1986), became the Chief Architect of Prague. It was under his leadership that the General Plan of the Capital City of Prague was drafted at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. The author analyzes the plan as an example of the socialist modernism and urbanistic optimism of its creators who believed that, subject to a correct application of principles of inter-war avant-garde architecture, an urbanistic transformation might become the base of a social transformation of socialism. The plan envisaged sacrifi cing not only all residential quarters of Greater Prague built at the turn of the century, but also the very principle of a traditional city with a network of living streets which socialist urbanists saw as an incarnation of all evils that the development of towns and cities had thitherto been governed by: mixing of functions, too high density of population, lack of light and air. New housing projects comprising high-rise prefab residential buildings set in greenery were to become the opposite of traditional streets. The article explains how criticism of the housing schemes, the chief representative of which was urbanist Jiří Hrůza (1925-2012), had been growing stronger since as early as the mid-1960s. Infl uenced by works of US journalist and urbanistic activist Jane Jacobs (1916-2006), he presented a comprehensive critique of socialist modernism and questioned they very principle of urban planning as a tool of social transformation. The intellectual skepticism was soon thereafter refl ected in urban planning practices in Prague; they abandoned the modernistic principle of zoning and acknowledged the value (fi rst urbanistic, later architectural) of traditional quarters. In the end of the article, the author analyzes how the urbanistic turning point was confronted with building industry practices and political preferences demanding rapid construction of fl ats and apartments. and Překlad: Blanka Medková
ct. Guy and Harary (1967) have shown that, for k > 3, the graph P[2k, k] is homeomorphic to the Möbius ladder M2k, so that its crossing number is one; it is well known that P[2k, 2] is planar. Exoo, Harary and Kabell (1981) have shown hat the crossing number of P[2k + 1, 2] is three, for k ≥ 2. Fiorini (1986) and Richter and Salazar (2002) have shown that P[9, 3] has crossing number two and that P[3k, 3] has crossing number k, provided k ≥ 4. We extend this result by showing that P[3k, k] also has crossing number k for all k ≥ 4.