The reactivity of a char depends very on the parent coal. Much information about correlation between properties of coal and reactivity of chars is lost by using only standard methods for a large dataset evaluation. In this research a set of 8 coals has been investigated by thermal analysis and reactivity of obtained chars was analyzed as a function of properties of parent coal properties using Canonical correlation analysis. The reactivity of chars was determined by thermogravimetric analysis of nonisothermal combustion in oxygen. It can be stated that methods of multivariate data analysis are useful tools for the interpretation of coal chars reactivity data., Mariusz Minkina, Elwira Zajusz-Zubek and Andrzej Mianowski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The paper discusses a problem of salt structures recent vertical movements that are observed by geodetic surveys on the example of salt dome in Inowroclaw. Presented survey results were carried by several years with use of precise levelling and GPS survey techniques. The new surveys were involved in 2002 that are carried on established network points and benchmarks of former existed country levelling network. Comp arative analysis of obtained displacement results derived by different methods is discussed as well. The effects of the an alysis are conclusions providing the usefulness of GPS techniques in the presented research. Other conclusions derived from carried observation deal with feat ures of determined vertical displacements., Zbigniew Szczerbowski., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Taste is important for food intake. The fetus first experiences taste through amniotic fluid, and later via mother’s milk. Early human experience with taste has a key importance for later acceptance of food. Dietary behavior is determined by the interaction of many different factors. The development of the olfactory and taste receptors begins at 7-8 weeks of gestation. An early sensitive period probably exists when flavor preference is established. Sweet taste is preferred in early childhood; this is the reason why children are at increased risk of over-consuming saccharides. Gustatory sensitivity declines with age. The threshold for the perception of each basic taste differs, and is established genetically. In this review, we summarize published data on taste preferences and its development and changes during life., Š. Podzimek, M. Dušková, Z. Broukal, B. Rácz, L. Stárka, J. Dušková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this paper, the feedback control for a class of bilinear control systems with a small parameter is proposed to guarantee the existence of limit cycle. We use the perturbation method of seeking in approximate solution as a finite Taylor expansion of the exact solution. This perturbation method is to exploit the "smallness" of the perturbation parameter ε to construct an approximate periodic solution. Furthermore, some simulation results are given to illustrate the existence of a limit cycle for this class of nonlinear control systems.
Effect algebras are very natural logical structures as carriers of probabilities and states. They were introduced for modeling of sets of propositions, properties, questions, or events with fuzziness, uncertainty or unsharpness. Nevertheless, there are effect algebras without any state, and questions about the existence (for non-modular) are still unanswered. We show that every Archimedean atomic lattice effect algebra with at most five blocks (maximal MV-subalgebras) has at least one state, which can be obtained by "State Smearing Theorem'' from a state on its sharp elements.
This paper deals with an experimental study of lubricant film in an experimental device (tribometer). Lubricating film is formed between a glass disc and steel ball on which modification for friction surfaces have been made. The experiment is aimed at both fully flooded EHL lubrication regime as well as the starved. This document also deals with a comparison of micro dents passage through a contact at different degrees of slip. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This paper considers an exponential cost optimality problem for finite horizon semi-Markov decision processes (SMDPs). The objective is to calculate an optimal policy with minimal exponential costs over the full set of policies in a finite horizon. First, under the standard regular and compact-continuity conditions, we establish the optimality equation, prove that the value function is the unique solution of the optimality equation and the existence of an optimal policy by using the minimum nonnegative solution approach. Second, we establish a new value iteration algorithm to calculate both the value function and the ϵ-optimal policy. Finally, we give a computable machine maintenance system to illustrate the convergence of the algorithm.
Previous studies have suggested that the Notch signaling pathway plays a very important role in the proliferation and differentiation of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression level of Notch-related signaling molecules in PMVECs in bleomycin (BLM)-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to analyze the differences in protein and mRNA expression levels of Notch-related signaling molecules, i.e. Notch1, Jagged1, Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4), and hairy and enhancer of split homolog 1 (Hes1), between a control group treated with intratracheal instillation of saline and a study group treated with intratracheal instillation of BLM solution. Expression levels of the receptor Notch1 and one of its ligands, Jagged1, were upregulated, while the expression levels of the ligand Dll4 and the target molecule of the Notch signaling pathway, Hes1, were downregulated. The differences in protein and mRNA expression levels between the control and study groups were significant (p<0.001). The Jagged1/Notch1 signaling pathway is activated in the pathogenesis of BLM-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis, while the Dll4/Notch1 signaling pathway is inhibited, which inhibits the suppressive effect of Dll4/Notch1 signaling on PMVEC overproliferation, further causing PMVEC dysfunction in cell sprouting and maturation as well as abnormal differentiation of the cell phenotype. Conversely, the downexpression of Hes1 indicates that the Jagged1/Notch1 signaling pathway could be a non-canonical Notch signaling pathway independent of Hes1 activation, which differs from the canonical Dll4/Notch1 signaling pathway., Q. Yin, W. Wang, G. Cui, H. Nan, L. Yan, W. Zhang, S. Zhang, J. Wei., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The host immune response to parasitic infections plays an important role in controlling multiplication of the parasite and reducing clinical symptoms and life-threatening complications. Nitric oxide (NO), an important innate immune factor and classic Th1 immune effector, may play a role in inhibiting plasmodium infection. In this study, we used two different approaches (L-Arginine [precursor of NO] and NOC5 [short-time NO donor]) to prove the roles of NO in malaria infection. We used 6-8 week-old female BALB/c mice infected with the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii Landau, Michel et Adam, 1968 - strain 17XL (P.y17XL) - as a model. For L-Arg treatment, mice were administered with an oral dose of 1.5 mg/g L-Arg daily for seven consecutive days prior to infection with P.y17XL. L-Arg pretreatment resulted in the decrease of the mRNA level of the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) gene, which encodes a protein involved in host invasion. For NOC5 treatment, NOC5 was injected intraperitoneally into the P.y17XL infected mice on day 5 post-infection or incubated in vitro with purified P.y17XL schizonts. Both in vivo and in vitro treatments with NOC5 led to down-regulation of the transcript and protein levels of invasion-related molecules (AMA1, merozoites surface protein 1 and Py235). Our results confirmed the protective role of NO in the asexual blood stage of parasitic infection, which may be partially due to reduced expression of parasite invasion molecules.