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922. On the role of (and threat to) natural history museums in mammal conservation: an African small mammal perspective

Creator:
Ferguson, Adam W.
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
IUCN Red List, voucher specimen, Africa, next-generation (holistic) collecting, and research ethics
Language:
English
Description:
The global environment is faced with growing threats from anthropogenic disturbance, propelling the Earth into a 6th mass extinction. For the world's mammals, this is reflected in the fact that 25% of species are threatened with some risk of extinction. During this time of species loss and environmental alteration, the world's natural history museums (NHMs) are uniquely poised to provide novel insight into many aspects of conservation. This review seeks to provide evidence of the importance of NHMs to mammal conservation, how arguments against continued collecting of physical voucher specimens is counterproductive to these efforts, and to identify additional threats to collecting with a particular focus on small mammals across Africa. NHMs contribute unique data for assessing mammal species conservation status through the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Threatened species. However, NHMs' contributions to mammal conservation go well beyond supporting the IUCN Red List, with studies addressing topics such as human impacts, climate change, genetic diversity, disease, physiology, and biodiversity education. Increasing and diverse challenges, both domestic and international, highlight the growing threats facing NHMs, especially in regards to the issue of lethally sampling individuals for the purpose of creating voucher specimens. Such arguments are counterproductive to conservation efforts and tend to reflect the moral opposition of individual researchers than a true threat to conservation. The need for continued collecting of holistic specimens of all taxa across space and time could not be more urgent, especially for underexplored biodiversity hotspots facing extreme threats such as the Afrotropics.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

924. One step closer to understanding the ecology of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): the effects of light conditions

Creator:
Jagiełło, Radosław , Baraniak, Edward , Guzicka, Marzenna , Karolewski, Piotr , Łukowski, Adrian , and Giertych, Marian Jędrzej
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Cameraria ohridella, Aesculus hippocastanum, light conditions, herbivore, leaf-miner, oocytes, phenolics oxidative capacity, and plant-insect interactions
Language:
English
Description:
Horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) has achieved ecological success by colonizing the entire European range of its primary host, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). This insect has attracted the attention of scientists, but its ecology is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of varying degrees of light availability on the leaf morphology of horse chestnut saplings and the performance of C. ohridella. A pot experiment under greenhouse conditions was performed in which the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was reduced from full light by 50% (high light - HL) or 80% (low light - LL). Insect performance parameters were quantified (i.e., pupal mass, efficiency of conversion of utilised leaf tissue (ECU) and potential fecundity). Compared with HL leaflets those from LL were characterised by higher contents of nitrogen and water but lower total phenolics. The oxidative capacity of phenolics (at pH ≈ 10, common in the lepidopteran gut) was low and did not differ in the two treatments. Compared with those collected from HL leaves, the mines of those collected from leaves of plants grown under LL conditions were larger in area but the leaf mass utilized by larvae was similar. Pupae were heavier in LL than in HL conditions, and ECU was higher in LL. The potential fecundity of females was not sensitive for experimental treatment. We conclude that (1) reduced light had a strong beneficial effect on the performance of C. ohridella and (2) phenolics in A. hippocastanum leaf tissues are a poor defence against this herbivore.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

925. Optimal wire myography normalization for the rat dorsal penile, internal pudendal and internal iliac arteries

Creator:
Azeez, Tooyib A., Andrade, Manuella R., and La Favor, Justin D.
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
normalization procedure, optimal initial tension, myograph, pre-penile arteries, and erectile dysfunction
Language:
English
Description:
In functional arterial studies using wire myography, the determination of a vessel’s standardized normalization factor (factor k) is an essential step to ensure optimal contraction and relaxation by the arteries when stimulated with their respective vasoactive agents and to obtain reproducible results. The optimal factor k for several arteries have been determined, however, the optimal initial tension and factor k for the arteries involved in erection remains unknown. Hence, in the present study we set out to determine the optimal factor k for the internal iliac artery, proximal and distal internal pudendal artery (IPA), and dorsal penile artery. After isolating, harvesting, and mounting the arteries from male Sprague-Dawley rats on a multi wire myograph, we tested arterial responsivity to high K+-stimulation when the factor k was set at 0.7, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 to determine the factor k setting that results in the greatest K+-induced active force production for each vessel type. The data showed the optimal factor k is 0.90-0.95 for the dorsal penile, distal internal pudendal and internal iliac arteries while it is 0.85-0.90 for proximal internal pudendal artery. These optimal values corresponded to initial passive tension settings of 1.10±0.16 - 1.46±0.23, 1.28±0.20 - 1.69±0.34, 1.03±0.27 - 1.33±0.31, and 1.33±0.31 - 1.77±0.43 mN/mm for the dorsal penile, distal IP, proximal IP, and internal iliac arteries, respectively.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

926. Optimism hidden in Pandora’s box: the role of three types of expectancies (optimism, hope and self-efficacy) in well-being and anxiety during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic

Creator:
Kačmár, Pavol, Hricová, Monika, Schrötter, Jana, and Bavoľár, Jozef
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
optimism, hope, self-efficacy, COVID-19 pandemic, coping, mental health, anxiety, well-being, optimizmus, nádej, sebaúčinnosť, pandémia COVID-19, zvládanie, mentálne zdravie, úzkosť, and subjektívna pohoda
Language:
Czech
Description:
Objectives. Although various mental health-re-lated consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented, there has been far less attention given to potential protective factors. Questions and hypotheses. In the present study, authors examined the role of three types of positive expectancies - optimism, hope, and self-efficacy - as predictors of well-being and anxiety. Furthermore, authors examined the role of coping strategies as a potential mediator between expectancies and criterion variables.Sample and settings. The present study was con-ducted during the COVID-19 outbreak in Slo-vakia after a national emergency was declared (N=1011). Additionally, longitudinal follow up was conducted after a national lockdown (N=391). Statistical analysis. Multi-model linear regres-sion (the Bayesian approach) and simple me-diation analysis (the Frequentist approach) were used to answer research questions. Results. In the main study with N=1011 partici-pants sampled after a national emergency was declared, the role of optimism in predicting anx-iety and well-being was corroborated. Moreo-ver, this finding was replicated after a national lockdown and the degree to which Coronavirus was considered dangerous served as a potential mediator. Besides optimism, self-efficacy nega-tively predicted anxiety, and subscales of hope predicted well-being. Additionally, the role of coping strategies as potential mediator was ex-amined. In follow up with N=391 respondents who decided to participate after the national lockdown, authors found an indirect effect of optimism on well-being and anxiety through dysfunctional coping. Limitations. The present study has some limita-tions that should be reflected upon. For exam-ple, convenience sampling was used. Moreover, interpretations related to causality should be avoided and the specificity of the effect in re-lation to pandemic situation should be further examined in future research. and Ciele. V predošlých výskumoch boli dokumen-tované rôzne dopady pandémie COVID-19 na mentálne zdravie. Menej pozornosti však bolo venovanej tomu, ktoré faktory tu môžu zohrávať protektívnu rolu.Otázky a hypotézy. Predkladaná štúdia sa zaobe-rá tým, akú rolu zohrávali tri druhy pozitívnych očakávaní (optimizmus, nádej a sebaúčinnosť) v rámci subjektívnej pohody a prežívanej úz-kosti počas nástupu prvej vlny pandémie CO-VID-19 na Slovensku. Súbor a metódy. Výskum bol realizovaný po tom, ako bol na Slovensku vyhlásený núdzový stav (N = 1011). Autori zisťovali sme subjektív-nu pohodu, aktuálne prežívanú úzkosť, tri druhy očakávaní (nádej, optimizmus a všeobecnú se-baúčinnosť) a to, do akej miery vnímali účastní-ci výskumu koronavírus ako nebezpečný. Druhý zber dát sa konal po celoštátnom lockdowne (N = 391). Tu sa autori zamerali na stratégie zvládania. Analýzy. V rámci analýzy dát boli využité dva postupy. Prvý bol reprezentovaný lineárnou re-gresiou pracujúcou s viacerými modelmi (Bay-esiánsky prístup), druhý mediačnou analýzou (Frekventistický prístup). Výsledky. V hlavnej časti (N = 1011), realizo-vanej krátko po vyhlásení núdzového stavu, sa ako dôležitý prediktor ukázal predovšetkým op-timizmus. Pozitívne predikoval subjektívnu po-hodu a negatívne prežívanú úzkosť. Zmienený vzťah bol sprostredkovaný tým, do akej miery považovali účastníci výskumu koronavírus za nebezpečný. Okrem toho, sebaúčinnosť nega-tívne predikovala prežívanú úzkosť a subškály nádeje predikovali subjektívnu pohodu. V nad-väzujúcom zbere dát (N = 391), uskutočnenom po prvom lockdowne, sa autori zamerali na rolu stratégii zvládania ako potenciálneho mediátora vo vzťahu medzi očakávaniami a kritérialnými premennými. Tu sa ako jeden z potenciálne dô-ležitých mechanizmov ukázali predovšetkým dysfunkčné stratégie zvládania stresu. Limity. Medzi limity možno zaradiť príležitost-ný výber výskumného súboru a to, že otázka, týkajúca sa toho, do akej miery tu šlo o vzťah špecifický pre pandémiu, zostáva aj naďalej otvorená. Okrem toho je nevyhnutné, aby výz-kumníci zostali pri vyjadrovaní sa k otázke kau-zality nanajvýš opatrní.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

927. Order and timing of home ownership and fertility decisions in Australia

Creator:
Spallek, Melanie and Haynes, Michele
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
event history analysis, multi-process, life course, home ownership, and fertility.
Language:
English
Description:
The birth of a child and transition into home ownership are markers of progression along a life course. Research shows that pathways to home ownership have become more diverse and deviate from the traditional pathway which was characterised by marriage followed by the birth of a child before entering home ownership. This study investigates the timing and order of the two interrelated events of birth of a child and the transition to home ownership in Australia. Using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia panel survey, we apply a multi-process event history analysis for describing the timing of each event following the formation of a cohabiting relationship. The results suggest that the likelihood of birth increases with prior home ownership attainment but as time passes following the purchase of a home, the likelihood of birth decreases, similarly, the likelihood of home ownership attainment decreased with time following birth.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

928. Organizačné občianske správanie, organizačná spravodlivosť a socio-demografické ukazovatele

Creator:
Rovenská, Denisa
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
lineární modely, demografie, linear models, demography, organizačně občanské chování, organizační spravedlnost, socio-demografické ukazatele, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational justice, socio-demographic variables, 17, and 159.9
Language:
Czech
Description:
Kvalitu a efektivitu organizácie určuje nielen manažment, organizačná štruktúra či kultúra, ale aj jej zamestnanci a aktivity, ktoré determinujú ich vzťah k danej organizácii. Správanie zamestnancov nezahŕňa len formálne určené aktivity, ale najmä aktivity, ktoré sú na báze dobrovoľnosti. Daná dobrovoľnosť sa prejavuje predovšetkým v rámci organizačného občianskeho správania (z angl. organizational citizenship behavior, ďalej len OCB). Mieru OCB určujú viaceré organizačné faktory, medzi ktoré patrí aj organizačná spravodlivosť. Cieľom predkladaného príspevku bolo objasniť charakter vzťahu medzi organizačným občianskym správaním, organizačnou spravodlivosťou a vybranými socio-demografickými ukazovateľmi. Zámer sa tiež sústredil na poznanie miery organizačného občianskeho správania, ktoré respondenti vykazujú a tiež, v akej miere vnímajú jednotlivé dimenzie organizačnej spravodlivosti. Pre naplnenie spomenutého cieľa sa 210 respondentov s priemerným vekom 34,82 rokov (SD = 10,97) vyjadrilo k otázkam, ktoré zaznamenávali mieru organizačného občianskeho správania pomocou dotazníka Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist (OCB-C) a mieru organizačnej spravodlivosti prostredníctvom škály Organizational Justice Scale. Výsledky ukázali, že v priemere respondenti vykazovali nižšiu mieru OCB (M = 2,28; SD = 0,67) a v rámci organizačnej spravodlivosti v najvyššej miere vnímali interpersonálnu spravodlivosť (M = 3,78; SD = 1,05). Analýza charakteru vzťahov medzi vybranými premennými ukázala, že dimenzie organizačnej spravodlivosti, odpracované roky v organizácii a rod boli prediktormi OCB, resp. OCB-O a OCB-I. Konkrétne výsledky sú súčasťou príspevku., The quality and efficiency of an organization are determined not even by the management, organizational structure or the company culture, but also employees and their behavior which determine the relationship to the organization. Employees´ behavior does not only include formally defined activities, but especially activities that are voluntary. These activities are manifested primarily in an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The OCB is determined by a number of organizational factors, including organizational justice. The aim of this contribution was to analyze the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior, organizational justice and selected socio-demographic variables. The research also focused on the frequency of OCB and the level of organizational justice perception. 210 respondents in total with the average age of 34.82 years (SD = 10.97) answered the questions measuring OCB by Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist (OCB-C) and organizational justice by Organizational Justice Scale. The results showed that respondents had a lower level of OCB (M = 2.28; SD = .67), and they perceive interpersonal justice the most (M = 3.78; SD = 1.05) within organizational justice. An analysis of the nature of the relation between selected variables showed that dimensions of organizational justice, years of practice and gender were predictors of OCB, OCB-O or/and OCB-I, respectively. Specific results are part of the contribution., Denisa Rovenská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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929. Osobní pohoda dětí a dospívajících: psychosociální koreláty štěstí a životní spokojenosti

Creator:
Pivarč, Jakub
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
subjective well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, children/adolescents, subjektivní osobní pohoda, štěstí, životní spokojenost, and děti/dospívající
Language:
Czech
Description:
Objectives. The study comprehensively analy-zes selected demographic, personality and con-textual factors and their role in relation to the subjective evaluation of feelings of happiness and satisfaction in 1,975 children/adolescents aged 10–18.Methods. The research sample was compiled in primary and secondary schools, facilities for protective and institutional education, diagnos-tic institutes as well as children’s homes and asylum shelters in the Czech Republic. Happi-ness and overall life satisfaction were assessed using the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) along with the Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS; Hueb-ner, 1991). Data collection was carried out by the completion of online questionnaires in 2020 before the onset of the covid-19 pandemic.Results.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that happiness and satisfaction tended to decline in middle and late adolescence. Lower levels of happiness and satisfaction were also found among those who had experienced grow-ing up at home in a single-parent family or in an institutional setting, who considered the en-vironment in which they grew up to be danger-ous and dull, who did not feel accepted by the caregiver and who self-evaluated as “choleric” and “melancholy.”Conclusions.The respondents’ subjective evalu-ation of their own temperament along with the feeling of acceptance by the caring person con-tributed most to the prediction of happiness and satisfaction. Very weak effects were found with respect to gender and spirituality. The adaptation and psychometric analysis of the SHS and SLSS carried out in this study showed that the Czech versions of both instruments can be considered valid and reliable to identify happiness and sat-isfaction in a given population of adolescents.Study limitations.The limitations relate to the cross-sectional design of the research as well as the fact that the sample was not representative. The psychosocial data, i.e. assessments of tem-perament, spirituality and the feeling of accep-tance by the caregiver, were obtained from the young people’s subjective statements through single-item scales. and Cíl. Studie komplexně analyzuje vybrané demo-grafické, osobnostní a kontextuální faktory a je-jich roli ve vztahu k subjektivnímu hodnocení pocitů štěstí a spokojenosti u 1975 dětí/dospíva-jících ve věku 10–18 let.Metody. Výzkumný vzorek byl sestaven oslove-ním základních a středních škol, zařízení pro vý-kon ochranné a ústavní výchovy, diagnostických ústavů, dětských a azylových domovů v Česku. Míra štěstí a celková životní spokojenost byla zjišťována pomocí Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky a Lepper, 1999) a Studen-t’s Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS; Huebner, 1991). Sběr dat byl uskutečněn vyplněním on--line dotazníků v roce 2020 před vypuknutím pandemie covid-19.Výsledky. Mnohonásobnou lineární regresní ana-lýzou bylo zjištěno, že míra štěstí a spokojenos-ti má tendenci klesat v období střední a pozdní adolescence. Nižší míra štěstí a spokojenosti byla zjištěna u respondentů, kteří prožívali dospívání doma v neúplné rodině, v institucionálním za-řízení, považovali prostředí, v němž vyrůstali, za nebezpečné a nepodnětné, nepociťovali přijetí ze strany pečující osoby a sami sebe považovali za „choleriky“ a „melancholiky“.Závěry. K predikci štěstí a spokojenosti nejví-ce přispívalo subjektivní hodnocení vlastního temperamentu a pocitu přijetí pečující osobou. Velmi slabé efekty byly nalezeny s ohledem na pohlaví a spiritualitu. V této studii realizovaná adaptace a psychometrická analýza SHS a SLSS poukázala, že obě české verze nástrojů lze pova-žovat za validní a spolehlivé k identifikaci štěstí a spokojenosti u dané populace dospívajících.Limity studie. Omezení se vztahují k průřezo-vému charakteru výzkumu a ke skutečnosti, že vzorek nebyl reprezentativní. Psychosociální data, jako hodnocení pocitu přijetí pečující oso-bou, temperament či spiritualita, byla získána ze subjektivních vypovědí dospívajících prostřed-nictvím jednopoložkových škál.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

930. Osobnostní charakteristiky odsouzených žen

Creator:
Kocmanová, Daniela
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
odsouzené ženy, osobnost, Cloningerův dotazník temperamentu a charakteru TCI-R, convicted women, personality, and Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory TCI-R
Language:
Czech
Description:
Výzkumná studie se zaměřuje na osobnost odsouzených žen a má explorační charakter. Osobnost byla zkoumána pomocí Cloningerova osobnostního dotazníku temperamentu a charakteru (TCI-R). Výzkum byl proveden ve věznici Světlá nad Sázavou a vzorek zahrnoval 263 odsouzených žen. Analýza dat se soustředila na identifikaci rozdílů v osobnostních dimenzích mezi kriminální a nekriminální ženskou populací. Celkem bylo identifikováno pět osobnostních dimenzí, ve kterých se kriminální ženská populace statisticky významně liší od normy – Vyhledávání nového, Závislost na odměně, Odolnost, Sebeřízení a Sebepřesah. and The research study concentrated on the personality of convicted women and has an exploratory character. The personality was examined by the Cloningers´ Temperament and Character Inventory – revised (TCI-R). The research took place in Prison Světlá nad Sázavou and the sample included 263 convicted women. Data analysis was focused on identifying personality differences in the dimensions between criminal and non-criminal female populations. Overall, five personality dimensions were identified in which the criminal female population statistically significantly differs from the norm – Novelty seeking, Reward dependence, Persistence, Self-directedness, and Selftranscendence.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public