The impacts of aquatic invasive species vary from the population to ecosystem level most strikingly through modifications to native communities, often leading to a decline in native species. A primary impact mechanism is competitive displacement of native by invasive species through resource partitioning. However, the trophic interactions between native and invasive species occupying the same habitat remain poorly understood, particularly at the early stages of invasion. This study used stable isotope analysis of two co-occurring populations of invasive topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva and native Caucasian dwarf goby, Knipowitschia caucasica in a highly productive shallow lake to characterize overlap of potential trophic niches. The trophic niches of both species were divergent, with no overlap. Mixing models suggest some inter-specific dietary differences. The trophic niche of the Caucasian dwarf goby was slightly and non-significantly larger than that of topmouth gudgeon. These results suggest that when introduced outside of their natural range, topmouth gudgeon might integrate into new fish communities via the exploitation of resources that are underexploited by native fishes, which could also explain the high invasion success of the species.
We investigated food niches, diet diversity and individual food specialization of the larvae and adults of four species of ladybirds, Sospita vigintiguttata (L.), Calvia quindecimguttata (F.), C. quatuordecimguttata (L.) and C. decemguttata (L.), co-occurring in European alder carr forests. The first two species are considered to be strict habitat specialists associated with alders (Alnus spp.) in marshy forests and the other two are less habitat-specialized, inhabiting various deciduous trees and shrubs. Our investigations were based on the analysis of food remains in frass produced by field-collected ladybirds. In each of the species studied, adults had more diversified diets than larvae based on Levins' D index of diversity. The most diverse diet recorded for adults was that for S. vigintiguttata followed by C. quatuordecimguttata, C. quindecimguttata and C. decemguttata. The diversity of larval diet was higher for the habitat specialists, C. quindecimguttata and S. vigintiguttata, than for the more habitat-generalists Calvia decemguttata and C. quatuordecimguttata. Although the main type of prey recorded for both adults and larvae of each of the species studied was aphids, other types of prey made up a relatively high part of the diet of different species/stage combinations. Psylla alni (L.), for example, was frequently recorded in the frass of adults and larvae of S. vigintiguttata and of adults of C. quatuordecimguttata and chrysomelid larvae commonly in the frass of adults and larvae of C. quindecimguttata. Quite a high proportion of the frass of all the species studied contained the remains of Psocodea. The niche width of adults was broader than that of larvae except in C. quindecimguttata in which it was the opposite. The larval niches of the strict habitat specialists, C. quindecimguttata and S. vigintiguttata, were broader than those of the less habitat-specialists C. decemguttata and C. quatuordecimguttata. Adults of all the species studied showed relatively higher levels of food specialization than larvae, except for C. quindecimguttata. The results of this study indicate that ecological specialization is a complex phenomenon and habitat specialization does not imply food specialization.
Inducible NO synthase (NOS II) was proposed to play an important role in salt resistance of Dahl salt-resistant (SR/Jr) rats. Its chronic inhibition by specific inhibitors was accompanied by blood pressure (BP) elevation in animals subjected to high salt intake. The aim of our study was to evaluate 1) whether such inhibitors affect BP and/or its particular components (sympathetic tone and NO-dependent vasodilation) only under the conditions of high salt intake, and 2) whether similar BP effects are elicited after systemic or intracerebroventricular (icv) application of these inhibitors. Wistar rats fed Altromin diet (0.45 % NaCl) and SR/Jr rats fed either a low-salt (LS, 0.3 % NaCl) or a high-salt (HS, 4 % NaCl) diet were studied. Aminoguanidine (AMG) and 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine (AMT) were used as NOS II inhibitors. BP and its responses to acute blockade of renin-angiotensin system (captopril), sympathetic nervous system (pentolinium) and NO synthase (L-NAME) were measured in conscious cannulated rats. There were no significant changes of BP or its components in either Wistar rats or SR/Jr rats subjected to chronic inhibition of NOS II by peroral aminoguanidine administration (50 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks). This was true for SR/Jr rats fed either LS or HS diets. Furthermore, we have studied BP effects of chronic icv administration of both NOS II inhibitors in SR/Jr rats fed HS diet, but we failed to find any BP changes elicited by such treatment. In conclusion, inducible NO synthase does not participate in the resistance of SR/Jr rats to hypertensive effects of excess salt intake.
Two japonica rice cultivars with different panicle trait index (PTI), HP917 (a high-PTI cultivar) and DP128 (a low-PTI cultivar) were used to investigate the effects of the nitrogen (N) rate and plant density on the grain distribution of secondary branches on the panicle axis, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, and grain yield by a split plot design. The main plots were assigned to four N rates (0, 140, 200, and 260 kg ha-1), and the subplots were assigned to two plant densities: (D20, 15 plants m-2; D10, 30 plants m-2). Results showed that the grain yield was increased by increasing N rate and plant density, reaching a peak at N200 with D10. Compared with N0 treatment, the PTIs of HP917 and DP128 increased with an increase in the N rate, respectively. The PTIs of HP917 and DP128 increased by 4% with increasing plant density from D20 to D10. The leaf capacity was significantly affected by N rate and plant density. The grain distribution characteristics of secondary branches on the panicle axis was closely related to yield. Correlation analysis showed the PTI was positively correlated with grain yield and net photosynthetic rate. These results suggested the improvement in PTI from 0.15 to 0.52 was beneficial to increase the grain yield, which might contribute to the increased grain number of secondary branches of the middle and bottom panicle.
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of death among adults in older age. Understanding mechanisms how organism responds to ischemia is essential for the ischemic patient’s prevention and treatment. Despite the great prevalence and incidence only a small number of studies utilize a metabolomic approach to describe AMI condition. Recent studies have shown the impact of metabolites on epigenetic changes, in these studies plasma metabolites were related to neurological outcome of the patients making metabolomic studies increasingly interesting. The aim of this study was to describe metabolomic response of an organism to ischemic stress through the changes in energetic metabolites and aminoacids in blood plasma in patients overcoming acute myocardial infarction. Blood plasma from patients in the first 12 h after onset of chest pain was collected and compared with volunteers without any history of ischemic diseases via NMR spectroscopy. Lowered plasma levels of pyruvate, alanine, glutamine and neurotransmitter precursors tyrosine and tryptophan were found. Further, we observed increased plasma levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate in balance with decreased level of lipoproteins fraction, suggesting the ongoing ketonic state of an organism. Discriminatory analysis showed very promising performance where compounds: lipoproteins, alanine, pyruvate, glutamine, tryptophan and 3-hydroxybutyrate were of the highest discriminatory power with feasibility of successful statistical discrimination., Martin Petras, Dagmar Kalenska, Matej Samos, Tomas Bolek, Miroslava Sarlinova, Peter Racay, Erika Halasova, Oliver Štrbák, Jan Stasko, Ludovit Musak, Michaela Skorvanova, Eva Baranovicova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Changes in behaviour and cognition have been associated with latent infection from the apicomplexan protozoan Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) in both animal and human studies. Further, neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia have also been associated with latent toxoplasmosis. Previously, we found no association between T. gondii immunoglobulin G antibody (IgG) seropositivity and depression in human adults between the ages of 20 and 39 years (n = 1 846) in a sample representative of the United States collected by the Centers for Disease Control as part of a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from three datasets collected between 1999-2004. In the present study, we used NHANES data collected between 2009 and 2012 that included subjects aged 20 to 80 years (n = 5 487) and used the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) to assess depression with the overall aim of testing the stability of the results of the prior study. In the current study, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was 13%. The percentage of subjects reporting clinical levels of depression assessed with the PHQ-9 was 8%. As before, we found no association between T. gondii IgG seroprevalence and depression (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.81-1.25; p = 0.944) while controlling for sex, educational attainment, race-ethnicity, age, poverty-to-income ratio and cigarette smoking. We also found no positive associations between anti-T. gondii antibody titre and depression (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.96-1.06; p = 0.868). Moreover, we found no association between T. gondii seroprevalence or antibody titre and suicidal ideation (seroprevalence: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = .85-1.75; p = 0.277, titre: OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.98-1.14; p = 0.177)., Defining depression to also include subjects currently taking antidepressant medication even with non-elevated questionnaires did not find evidence of a positive association between latent toxoplasmosis and depression. In the present study, neither T. gondii seroprevalence nor anti-T. gondii antibody titre was positively associated with depression or suicidal ideation among subjects aged 20 to 80 years., Shawn D. Gale, Andrew N. Berrett, Bruce Brown, Lance D. Erickson, Dawson W. Hedges., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) is an intracellular parasite that can cause ongoing latent infection persisting for the duration of a non-definitive host's life. Affecting approximately one-third of the world's population, latent toxoplasmosis has been associated with neuropsychological outcomes and a previous report suggested an association between latent toxoplasmosis and adult height. Given the large number of people with latent toxoplasmosis and its potential associations with human height, we sought to better understand the association between latent toxoplasmosis and human morphology by evaluating seropositivity for T. gondii and multiple body measures reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) and in the more recent continuous NHANES data sets from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for which data on T. gondii are available. In these analyses, latent toxoplasmosis was not associated with any of the body measures assessed in the NHANES datasets even after taking into account interactions between latent toxoplasmosis and testosterone suggesting that in these samples, latent toxoplasmosis is not associated with adult morphology including height., Andrew N. Berrett, Shawn D. Gale, Lance D. Erickson, Bruce L. Brown, Dawson W. Hedges., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Non-native species are known to escape their parasites following introduction into a new range, but they also often acquire local parasites as a function of time since establishment. We compared the parasite faunas of five non-native Ponto-Caspian gobies (Gobiidae) and local fish species (Perca fluviatilis, Gymnocephalus cernua, Gobio gobio) in three European river systems; the Rivers Rhine, Vistula and Morava, where Ponto-Caspian gobies were introduced 4-13 years prior to the study. Overall parasite species richness was considerably lower in non-native gobies compared to local fish species, and the same result was found at the component and infra-community levels. Both parasite abundance and diversity greatly varied among the regions, with the highest values found in the River Vistula (Wloclawski Reservoir), compared to a relatively impoverished parasite fauna in the River Morava (Danube basin). While only half of parasite species found in local hosts were acquired by non-native gobies, most of the parasites found in gobies were shared with local fish species related either phylogenetically (percids) or ecologically (benthic gudgeon), including the co-introduced monogenean Gyrodactylus proterorhini. As a result, similarity in parasite communities strongly reflected regional affiliation, while phylogenetic distances between fish host species did not play a significant role in parasite community composition. In accordance with other studies, all parasites acquired by gobies in their new range were generalists, all of them infecting fish at the larval/subadult stage, indicating the possible importance of gobies in the life cycle of euryxenous parasites. The absence of adult generalists, particularly ectoparasites with low host specificity, in non-native fish may reflect their generally low abundance in the environment, while an absence of adult endoparasitic generalists was probably related to other factors.
The sinonasal mucosa has an essential role in defense
mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract. The innate immune
system presents the primary defense against noxious
microorganisms followed by induction of the adaptive immune
mechanisms as a consequence of the presence of pathogens.
This well-known activation of adaptive immune system in
response to presence of the antigen on mucosal surfaces is now
broadly applicated in vaccinology research. Prevention of
infectious diseases belongs to substantial challenges in
maintaining the population health. Non-invasive, easily applicable
mucosal vaccination purposes various research opportunities that
could be usable in daily practice. However, the existence of
multiple limitations such as rapid clearance of vaccine from nasal
mucosa by means of mucociliary transport represents a great
challenge in development of safe and efficient vaccines. Here we
give an updated view on nasal functions with focus on nasal
mucosal immunity and its potential application in vaccination in
nearly future.
Arterial compliance is an important cardiovascular parameter characterizing mechanical and structural properties of arteries and significantly influencing ventricular-arterial coupling. Decreased arterial compliance is associated with several physiological states and pathological processes. Furthermore, arterial compliance is influenced by other cardiovascular parameters even at short time scales. Today, there are numerous noninvasive methods of estimation arterial compliance in vivo introducing some level of confusion about selection of the best method for particular application and measurement setting. In this review, the most common noninvasive methods of arterial compliance estimation are summarized, discussed and categorized. Finally, interpretation of estimated arterial compliance in the context of other possible confounders is discussed.