Seven species of the genus Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838 were identified during a sampling programme of twenty freshwater fish species from approximately sixty sites in Scotland, England and Wales. Species found include: Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 from Cyprinus carpio L., Carassius auralus L., Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Salmo trutta L. and Phoxinus phoxinus L.; Trichodina domerguei Wallengren, 1897 from Gasterosteus aculeatuir L.; Trichodina tenuidens Faurc-Fremiet, 1944 from Gasterosteus aculeatus; Trichodina pediculus Ehrenberg, 1838 from Gasterosteus aculeatus; Trichodina modesta Lom, 1970 from Abramis brama L.; Trichodina nigra Lom, 1960 from Cyprinus carpio, Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss', and Trichodina intermedia Lom, 1960 from Phoxinus phoxinus. Morphological variation within and between host populations and host specificity of the Trichodina species recovered are described.
Edge-colourings of graphs have been studied for decades. We study edge-colourings with respect to hereditary graph properties. For a graph G, a hereditary graph property P and l\geqslant 1 we define X{'_{P,l}} to be the minimum number of colours needed to properly colour the edges of G, such that any subgraph of G induced by edges coloured by (at most) l colours is in P. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of X{'_{P,l}} . We focus on edge-colourings of graphs with respect to the hereditary properties Ok and Sk, where Ok contains all graphs whose components have order at most k+1, and Sk contains all graphs of maximum degree at most k. We determine the value of X{'_{{S_k},l}}(G) for any graph G,k \geqslant 1, l\geqslant 1 and we present a number of results on X{'_{{O_k},l}}(G) ., Samantha Dorfling, Tomáš Vetrík., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In this paper, we investigate a measure of similarity of graphs similar to the Ramsey number. We present values and bounds for g(n, l), the biggest number k guaranteeing that there exist l graphs on n vertices, each two having edit distance at least k. By edit distance of two graphs G, F we mean the number of edges needed to be added to or deleted from graph G to obtain graph F. This new extremal number g(n, l) is closely linked to the edit distance of graphs. Using probabilistic methods we show that g(n, l) is close to \frac{1} {2}\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n // 2 // \end{array} } \right) for small values of l > 2. We also present some exact values for small n and lower bounds for very large l close to the number of non-isomorphic graphs of n vertices., Tomasz Dzido, Krzysztof Krzywdziński., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Cíl: Správný pooperační režim je důležitou součástí rekonvalescence po dekompresi karpálního tunelu. Cílem této prospektivní randomizované studie je zjistit, zda pooperační dočasné dlahování má klinicky významný efekt, nebo zda není naopak zbytečné. Výsledky dosud publikovaných prací nedávají jasné, prokazatelné a jednoznačné doporučení. Soubor a metodika: Do souboru bylo zařazeno celkem 72 pacientů s klinicky a elektromyograficky prokázaným syndromem karpálního tunelu, kteří byli randomizováni do dvou skupin. V první skupině byla pacientům po operaci na dva týdny přiložena dorzální dlaha fixující zápěstí v neutrální poloze a v druhé skupině dlaha použita nebyla. Před operací i po operaci byla hodnocena distální motorická latence, síla stisku a míra subjektivních obtíží pomocí specializovaných dotazníků DASH (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire) a Bostonského dotazníku (Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire). Výsledky: Po operaci došlo ke zkrácení distální motorické latence a mírnému snížení síly stisku, ale mezi skupinami nebyly nalezeny statisticky významné rozdíly (p > 0,05). Po operaci došlo také k předpokládanému zmírnění subjektivních obtíží, objektivizovanému dotazníkovými koeficienty, ale mezi skupinami nebyl nalezen statisticky významný rozdíl (p > 0,05). Závěr: Podle našich zjištění dočasné dlahování po otevřené dekompresi karpálního tunelu ve srovnání s nedlahovanou skupinou nezlepšuje výsledky chirurgické léčby. Používání dlahy v této indikaci se jeví jako nadbytečné jak z lékařského, tak z ekonomického pohledu. Na druhou stranu dočasné dlahování po operaci výsledky operační léčby nezhoršuje., Aim: Correct post-operative care is an important part of recovery after carpal tunnel decompression. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to determine whether postoperative temporary splinting has a clinically significant effect, or whether it is unnecessary. The results of published data do not give clear, demonstrable and unambiguous recommendations. Material and methods: A total of 72 patients with clinically and electrodiagnostically established diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome were randomized into two groups. The first group included patients with a dorsal splint, fixing the wrist in a neutral position for two weeks after surgery, whereas the second group included patients, in whom the splint was not used after surgery. Distal motor latency, grip strength and degree of subjective symptoms were assessed before and after surgery using specific questionnaires, namely the DASH questionnaire (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand) and the Boston questionnaire (Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire). Results: After surgery, there was a reduction of distal motor latency and a moderate reduction of grip strength, but there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups. After surgery, the anticipated improvement of subjective symptoms was achieved, objectified by questionnaire coefficients. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the two groups either. Conclusion: According to our findings, temporary splinting after open carpal tunnel decompression does not improve the results of surgical treatment compared to the non-splinted group. Using the splint in this indication seems to be redundant from the medical and economic point of view. On the other hand, temporary splinting after surgery does not cause worsening of the results of surgical treatment. Key words: carpal tunnel syndrome – surgical decompression – immobilisation – splints – postoperative care – electromyography The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and A. Fibír, R. Čáp, J. Vaněk
The role of brain derived nitric oxide in the physiology and behavior remains disputable. One of the reasons of the controversies might be systemic side effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Therefore, under nNOS inhibition by 7- nitroindazole (7-NI) we carried out recordings of blood gasses, blood pressure and spontaneous EEG in conscious adult rats. Locomotion and spontaneous behavior were assessed in an open field. In addition skilled walking and limb coordination were evaluated using a ladder rung walking test. The blood gas analysis revealed a significant increase in pCO2 180 min and 240 min after the application of 7-NI. The power and entropy decreased simultaneously with a shift of the mean frequency of the spontaneous EEG toward slow oscillations after 7-NI treatment. The thresholds of evoked potentials underwent a significant drop and a trend towards a slight increase in the I-O curve slope was observed. 7-NI significantly suppressed open field behavior expressed as distance moved, exploratory rearing and grooming. As for the ladder rung walking test the 7-NI treated animals had more errors in foot placement indicating impairment in limb coordination. Therefore our findings suggest that 7-NI increased cortical excitability and altered some physiological and behavioral parameters., C. Boržíčková, A. Mikulecká, J. Otáhal., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We investigated the effects of in vivo treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) captopril and/or of in vitro administration of L-arginine on the metabolism and ischemia-reperfusion injury of the isolated perfused rat myocardium. Captopril (50 mg/l in drinking water, 4 weeks) raised the myocardial content of glycogen. After 25-min global ischemia, captopril treatment, compared with the controls, resulted in lower rates of lactate dehydrogenase release during reperfusion (8.58±1.12 vs. 13.39±1.88 U/heart/30 min, p<0.05), lower myocardial lactate contents (11.34±0.93 vs. 21.22±4.28 µmol/g d.w., p<0.05) and higher coronary flow recovery (by 25 %), and prevented the decrease of NO release into the perfusate during reperfusion. In control hearts L-arginine added to the perfusate (1 mmol/l) 10 min before ischemia had no effect on the parameters evaluated under our experimental conditions, presumably because of sufficient saturation of the myocardium with L-arginine. In the hearts of captopril-treated rats, L-arginine further increased NO production during reperfusion and the cGMP content before ischemia. Our results have shown that long-term captopril treatment increases the energy potential and has a beneficial effect on tolerance of the isolated heart to ischemia. L-arginine added into the perfusate potentiates the effect of captopril on the NO signaling pathway., J. Divišová, H. Vavřínková, M. Tutterová, L. Kazdová, E. Meschišvili., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Statins are powerful lipid-lowering drugs, widely used in patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. It was found, however, that statins appear to have a pleiotropic effect beyond their lipid-lowering ability. They exert anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antioxidant effects, increase nitric oxide production and improve endothelial dysfunction. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of chronic and acute treatment with simvastatin on the contractile function of the isolated perfused rat heart after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Contractile function was measured on isolated rat hearts, perfused according to Langendorff under constant pressure. The hearts were subjected to 20 min of global ischemia, followed by 40 min of reperfusion. To investigate the acute effect, simvastatin at a concentration of 10 μmol/l was added to the perfusion solution during reperfusion. In chronic experiments the rats were fed simvastatin at a concentration of 10 mg/kg for two weeks before the measurement of the contractile function. Acute simvastatin administration significantly increased reparation of the peak of pressure development [(+dP/dt)max] (52.9±8.2 %) after global ischemia, as compared with the control group (28.8±5.2 %). Similar differences were also observed in the time course of the recovery of [(+dP/dt)max]. Chronic simvastatin was without any protective effect. Our results reveal that the acute administration of simvastatin during reperfusion, unlike the chronic treatment, significantly reduced contractile dysfunction induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. This supports the idea of possible cardioprotective effect of statin administration in the first-line therapy of the acute coronary syndrome., O. Szárszoi, J. Malý, P. Ošťádal, I. Netuka, J. Bešík, F. Kolář, B. Ošťádal., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
To determine whether acutely-induced supraphysiological hyperinsulinemia influences brain metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes (D) and healthy controls (C) as detected by MR Spectroscopy. Group D consisted of 4 patients with the average duration of diabetes for 7 years. They were matched according to age, sex and BMI to 4 healthy controls. 1H MR Spectroscopy was performed with a 1.5 Tesla. Spectra were obtained from parietooccipital white matter repeatedly during a 3-h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with 2 mU.kg-1.min-1. In group D, significantly lower basal concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (p=0.02), choline (p=0.03), creatine (p=0.002) and inositol (p=0.007) were detected compared to C. After the induction of hyperinsulinemia, concentrations of choline, creatine, GABA, inositol, lactate, NAA and composite signal glutamate + glutamine (Glx) stayed stable. The detection of glucose signal is less realiable at 1.5 Tesla but we registered the alteration in glucose concentration (p=0.003) in the whole group. Originally sightly elevated glucose concentration in D decreased on the contrary to the increase of originally lower glucose level in C. In conclusions, brain metabolism was altered in D. Short term supraphysiological euglycemic hyperinsulinemia induced changes in the concentration of brain glucose in both C and D., S. Kratochvílová, A. Škoch, M. Dezortová, E. Švehlíková, M. Hill, J. Brunová, M. Hájek, T. Pelikánová., and Obsahuje bibliografii