In the mammalian autonomic nervous system, tonic and phasic neurons can be differentiated on firing patterns in response to long depolarizing current pulse. However, the similar firing patterns in the somatic primary sensory neurons and their functional significance are not well investigated. Here, we identified two types of neurons innervating somatic sensory in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Tonic neurons fire action potentials (APs) in an intensity-dependent manner, whereas phasic neurons typically generate only one AP firing at the onset of stimulation regardless of intensity. Combining retrograde labeling of somatic DRG neurons with fluorescent tracer DiI, we further find that these neurons demonstrate distinct changes under inflammatory pain states induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) or bee venom toxin melittin. In tonic neurons, CFA and melittin treatments significantly decrease rheobase and AP durations (depolarization and repolarization), enhance amplitudes of overshoot and afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and increase the number of evoked action potentials. In phasic neurons, however, the same inflammation treatments cause fewer changes in these electrophysiological parameters except for the increased overshoot and decreased AP durations. In the present study, we find that tonic neurons are more hyperexcitable than phasic neurons after peripheral noxious inflammatory stimulation. The results indicate the distinct contributions of two types of DRG neurons in inflammatory pain., Y.-Q. Yu, X.-F. Chen, Y. Yang, F. Yang, J. Chen., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Motto: "Pevnolátkové osvětlování je dnes tam, kde byl Internet v 80. letech. Stejně jako jsme tehdy nemohli předpovědět, jaký bude Internet, dnes, o 30 let později, nedokážeme předvídat, co všechno se stane se světelnou technikou a osvětlováním v příštích dekádách. Víme jen, že to bude úžasné a krásné." Roland Haitz, During its long evolution, techniques for artificial lighting used four main principles: combustion, incandescence, gas discharge and luminescence. The injection electroluminescence (taking place in light-emitting diodes, LED) is probably the most efficient way of converting electricity into light. In this paper we describe the main advantages and disadvantages of LED based light sources, as well as some topics of current research such as laser based light sources. Finally, the possible health effects of artificial lighting are briefly discussed., Jan Valenta, Ivan Pelant., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Článek uvádí stručný přehled mechanismů působení neionizujícího elektromagnetického pole s frekvencí nižší než 300 GHz na člověka, příslušná zdravotní rizika a stanovené expoziční limity. Kromě vědecky zjištěných vlivů - ohřevu těla a dráždění nervové tkáně - jsou uvedeny i některé často diskutované hypotézy o existenci účinků velmi slabých polí, přičemž je ukázána jejich fyzikální neodůvodněnost., This paper presents a short review of interaction mechanisms of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields with frequency below 300 GHz with humans, corresponding health risks and set exposure limits. The science based mechanisms - body heating and stimulation of nervous system - are explained, along with some often discussed, but physically untenable, hypotheses on existence of low intensity field effects., Luděk Pekárek, Lukáš Jelínek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
von Humphry Davy ; aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Friedrich Wolff und mit Anmerkungen und einer Vorrede begleitet von Albrecht Thär, Tištěno švabachem, and Converted from MODS 3.5 to DC version 1.8 (EE patch 2018/01/18)
This study has observed possible effect of ellagitannins - compounds from pomegranate on process of steroidogenesis in ovaries. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effect of punicalagin on secretion of steroid hormones - progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and 17β-estradiol by ovarian fragments of rabbits in vitro. Ovarian fragments from sexually mature female New Zealand white rabbits (n=20) were incubated without (control group) or with punicalagin at various doses 1, 10 and 100 μg.ml−1 for 24 h. Hormones were evaluated by ELISA (The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Data showed that progesterone and 17β-estradiol (but not androstenedione and testosterone) release by rabbit ovarian fragments was significantly affected by punicalagin addition at various doses. Punicalagin (at 100 μg.ml-1) significantly (P<0.05) increased progesterone secretion. On the other hand, the release of 17β-estradiol was significantly (P<0.005) decreased by punicalagin addition (at 10 μg.ml-1). Our results suggest that punicalagin could have dose-dependent impact on secretion of steroid hormones progesterone and 17β-estradiol by rabbit ovarian fragments and it may be effector in process of ovarian steroidogenesis., D. Packova, A. A. Carbonell-Barrachina, A. Kolesarova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
O tom jak se rodily první přístupy k udržení horkého fúzního plazmatu pomocí silných elektrických a magnetických polí., Through his whole scientific career, carried out mainly at FTI Kharkov in the Soviet Union, O. A. Lavrentev (1926-2011) studied thermonuclear plasma confinement. Initially an electrostatic confinement and later a magnetic electrostatic plasma confinement was proposed by him. However, he did not describe the transition from the first to the second type of confinement, e. g., from the spherical concentric purely electrostatic trap to the magnetic trap formed by spindle cusp fields with its slits plugged by electrostatic fields, which represents the simplest type of an electromagnetic trap. This article offers a hypothesis of how O. A. Lavrentev transformed the earlier concept into the later one., Milan Řípa, Miroslav Šos., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this paper, characterizations of the embeddings between weighted Copson function spaces ${\rm Cop}_{p_1,q_1}(u_1,v_1)$ and weighted Cesàro function spaces ${\rm Ces}_{p_2,q_2}(u_2,v_2)$ are given. In particular, two-sided estimates of the optimal constant $c$ in the inequality $ \align\biggl( \int_0^{\infty} &\biggl( \int_0^t f(\tau)^{p_2}v_2(\tau)\dd\tau\biggr)^{\!\!\frc{q_2}{p_2}} u_2(t)\dd t\biggr)^{\!\!\frc1{q_2}} $ \ $\le c \biggl( \int_0^{\infty} \biggl( \int_t^{\infty} f(\tau)^{p_1} v_1(\tau)\dd\tau\biggr)^{\!\!\frc{q_1}{p_1}} u_1(t)\dd t\biggr)^{\!\!\frc1{q_1}}, $ where $p_1,p_2,q_1,q_2 \in(0,\infty)$, $p_2 \le q_2$ and $u_1,u_2,v_1,v_2$ are weights on $(0,\infty)$, are obtained. The most innovative part consists of the fact that possibly different parameters $p_1$ and $p_2$ and possibly different inner weights $v_1$ and $v_2$ are allowed. The proof is based on the combination of duality techniques with estimates of optimal constants of the embeddings between weighted Cesàro and Copson spaces and weighted Lebesgue spaces, which reduce the problem to the solutions of iterated Hardy-type inequalities., Amiran Gogatishvili, Rza Mustafayev, Tuğçe Ünver., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Terapie akutní fáze ischemické cévní mozkové příhody (CMP) je zaměřena jednak bezprostředně na omezení rozsahu poškození pomocí co možná nejčasněji zahájené reperfuzní strategie a dále nastavení léčby zajišťující farmakologickou sekundární prevenci recidivy onemocnění. Klíčový předpoklad správné a efektivní sekundární prevence představuje včasné stanovení příčiny ischemického iktu, protože riziko recidivy iktu je nejvyšší v prvních týdnech po prodělané CMP. Nedílnou součástí managementu pacienta s ischemickým iktem je tedy vyloučení potenciálních kardiálních a cévních zdrojů embolizace do mozkové cirkulace pomocí zobrazovacích metod. Tyto embolizační zdroje jsou kategorizovány na vysoce rizikové stavy a stavy spojené se středním nebo nejasným rizikem., Treatment of acute phase of ischemic stroke is aimed to limit the amount of damage using reperfusion strategy and subsequently administration of treatment providing pharmacological secondary prevention of recurrence. The early aetiology diagnosis of stroke is crucial for effective secondary prevention as the highest risk of recurrence is within few weeks after stroke. Exclusion of cardiac and vascular source of embolism by imaging methods is an important part in management of patients with ischemic stroke. These embolic sources are categorized as high risk and states are associated with moderate or unclear risk., and Martin Hutyra, Daniel Šaňák
Autoři prezentují případ 20měsíčního chlapce stigmatizovaného v rámci Costello syndromu s akutní retencí moči a nálezem tumorózní leze v oblasti malé pánve, která byla později diagnostikována jako embryonální rhabdomyosarkom. Autoři diskutují souvislost vzniku tumorozních lézí a Costello syndromu. Klíčová slova: Costello syndrom, retence, rhabdomyosarkom, tumor, Authors would like to present case of 20-month-old boy suffering from Costello syndrome with acute urine retention and a tumorous lesion in small pelvis, later being diagnosed as an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The relation between Costello syndrome and tumorous lesions formation is being discussed. Key words: Costello syndrome, retention, rhabdomyosarcoma, tumor, Červinková I., Skotáková J., Pavlovský Z., Seehofnerová A., and Literatura