We determined the surface-associated proteolytic activity in three Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 strains (monoxenic HM1, axenic HM1, and HK9) of known virulence and its relationship with collagenase activity. Both activities were also determined in axenic HM1 amoebae trophozoites which were sensitive and resistant to complement-mediated lysis. Surface proteolytic activity was determined in glutaraldehyde-fixcd E. histolytica trophozoites, which degraded the insoluble substrate, hide powder azure, and cleaved the human immunoglobulin G heavy chain in a time-dependent fashion, at neutral pH, in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol as cysteine protcase activator. Surface proteolytic activity was strain dependent: monoxenic HM1 > axenic IIM1 > axenic HK9. This activity correlated with collagenolytic activity (p < 0.05). Acquisition of resistance to complement-mediated lysis by axenic HM1 strain did not modify either surface proteases or collagenase expression. Our results suggest that this surface proteolytic activity could be used as an in vitro virulence marker for E. histolytica.
Enteral nutrition (EN) is a preferred way of feeding in critically ill patients unless obvious contraindications such as ileus or active gastrointestinal bleeding are present. Early enteral nutrition as compared to delayed EN or total parenteral nutrition decreases morbidity in postsurgical and trauma patients. The hepatosplanchnic region plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The beneficial effects of EN on splanchnic perfusion and energy metabolism have been documented both in healthy volunteers and animal models of sepsis, hemorrhagic shock and burns. By contrast, EN may increase splanchnic metabolic demands, which in turn may lead to oxygen and/or energy demand/supply mismatch, especially when hyperemic response to EN is not preserved. Therefore, the timing of initiation and the dose of EN in patients with circulatory failure requiring vasoactive drugs are a matter of controversy. Interestingly, the results of recent clinical studies suggest that early enteral nutrition may not be harmful even in patients with circulatory compromise. Nevertheless, possible onset of serious complications, the non-occlusive bowel necrosis in particular, have to be kept in mind. Unfortunately, there is only a limited number of clinically applicable monitoring tools for the effects of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients., R. Rokyta Jr., M. Matějovič, A. Kroužecký, I. Novák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The evolution of soil cover in the area of Litovel has been determined on the basis of grain-size distribution, mineralogy of clay fraction, chemical and micromorphological analyses. The object of the present study was a chronosequence of soils in Pleistocene sediments. Paleopedological data indicate that the area underwent environmental changes including several cycles of pedogenesis. This area provides evidence of at least two first-order warm periods. The highest degree of polygenesis can be demonstrated by Braunlehm-like Parabraunerde (PK V - Late Holstein Interglacial) and Chernozem which evolved from Haplic Luvisols (PK IV - warm period within the Riss glacial). The upper part of the profile documents different types of pedosediments which indicate erosion processes., Anna Žigová and Martin Šťastný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Zatiaľ' čo jadrové skúšky spôsobili globálnu rádioaktívnu kontamináciu, Černobyľská havária (1986) mala dopad predovšetkým na európske krajiny a Fukušimská havária (2011) predovšetkým na Japonsko, aj keď uvoľnené rádionuklidy bolo možné sledovať v malých koncentráciách na všetkých kontinentoch ako aj vo svetových oceánoch a moriach. Havária Fukušimskej jadrovej elektrárne spôsobila v porovnaní s Černobyľskou haváriou (1986) približne 10-násobne nižší únik 131I a päťnásobne nižší únik 137Cs do životného prostredia. Radiačné dávky obyvateľstva nepresiahli v Japonsku 25 mSv/rok a v Európe boli rádovo 1 µSv/rok., Historical atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons have had a global impact on the radioactive contamination of the environment. Recent accidents at Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011) have had an impact on Europe and Japan, respectively, in addition small concentrations of radionuclides released from Fukushima have been registered on all continents as well as in oceans and seas. When compared with the Chernobyl accident, the Fukushima accident resulted in about a 10 fold increase in the release of 131I but a 3 fold decrease in the release of 137Cs to the environment. Following the Fukushima accident radiation doses did not exceed 25 mSv/year in Japan, whilst following the Chernobyl accident they were in the order of 1 µSv/year in Europe., Pavel P. Povinec., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Úvod: Je uváděno, že prevalence neurodegenerativních onemocnění v malých evropských komunitách izolovaných od okolí je vyšší ve srovnání s běžnou populací. Tentýž jev jsme pozorovali v malém, relativně izolovaném regionu jihovýchodní Moravy. Cíl: Zjištění prevalence neurodegenerativního parkinsonizmu v izolovaném regionu jihovýchodní Moravy. Metodika: Byla použita metoda třífázového vyšetření. V první fázi byly do ordinací praktických lékařů distribuovány dotazníky, které byly vyplněny všemi pacienty, kteří se z jakéhokoliv důvodu dostavili v průběhu tří měsíců do ordinace praktického lékaře. Ve druhé fázi byly u pozitivních respondentů příznaky parkinsonizmu objektivizovány vyšetřením edukovaným ambulantním neurologem. Ve třetím stupni byli respondenti, u kterých byly při skríningovém vyšetření příznaky parkinsonizmu objektivizovány, přijati k detailnímu vyšetření za hospitalizace v terciárním centru pro diagnostiku a léčbu neurodegenerativních onemocnění. Výsledky: Celková prevalence parkinsonizmu v populaci starší 50 let byla 2,8 % (95% CI: 2,2-3,4); prevalence v populaci 50-64 let byla 1,9 % (95% CI: 1,2-2,5); a v populaci nad 65 let byla 4,06 % (95% CI: 2,9-5,1). Byly získány tři velké rodokmeny s patrnou autozomálně dominantní dědičností parkinsonizmu. Závěr: Zjištěná prevalence byla překvapivě vysoká a podstatně odlišná od hodnot prevalence publikovaných v jiných evropských zemích. Vzhledem k charakteristice regionu je předpokládán vliv genetických faktorů. Současný výzkum je zaměřen na genetické pozadí a DNA analýzu probandů z rodokmenů, ve kterých byla identifikována autozomálně dominantní dědičnost parkinsonizmu. Klíčová slova: parkinsonism – neuroepidemiology – prevalence studies – three-stage ascertainment method – inheritance Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do biomedicínských časopisů., Introduction: It has been suggested that the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases in small, isolated European communities might be higher than in the general population. We recently observed this phenomenon in a small specific region of south-eastern Moravia. Objective: To assess the prevalence of neurodegenerative parkinsonism in an isolated region with a rural population in south-eastern Moravia. Methods: A three-stage method of data collection was used. In the first phase, originally designed questionnaires were distributed to general practitioners and completed by all patients who visited them for any reason during a three-month period. In the second phase, positive responders were examined by trained primary care neurologists. Finally, the diagnosis was confirmed or excluded by a movement disorders specialist. Results: The overall prevalence in the population older than 50 years of age was 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2-3.4); the prevalence in the population from 50 to 64 years was 1.9% (95% CI: 1.2-2.5), and it was 4.06% (95% CI: 2.9-5.1) in the population over 65 years of age. Three large families with an autosomal-dominant inheritance patterns of parkinsonism were identified. Conclusions: The prevalence rates were surprisingly high; they substantially differed from the published prevalence rates in other European countries. Due to the characteristics of the region, we expected a particular impact of genetic factors, most probably the autosomal-dominant inheritance of parkinsonism. Our current research focusses on the genetic background and DNA analysis of probands from the families in which autosomal-dominant parkinsonism was identified., and K. Menšíková, P. Kaňovský, P. Otruba, M. Kaiserová, M. Vaštík, P. Hluštík, L. Mikulicová, T. Bartoníková, P. Dudová, P. Jugas, J. Ovečka, L. Šachová, F. Dvorský, J. Krša, M. Godava, R. Vodička, R. Vrtěl, M. Bareš, V. Janout
Hyperurikémia v súčasnosti predstavuje novší uznávaný rizikový faktor pre kardiovaskulárne ochorenia. Údaje o jej prevalencii u nás a o jej liečbe doposiaľ v našej populácii sme presne nemali. Z literárnych údajov však vieme, že prevalencia hyperurikémie je rôzna v závislosti od rasových a geografických rozdielov a vyskytuje sa medzi 4–40 %. V hospitalizačných podmienkach jej prevalencia predstavuje približne 7 % a slúži ako dôležitý prediktor mortality, zvlášť pre zlyhanie srdca. Podľa Framinghamských údajov jej relatívne riziko predstavuje až 25 % pre kardiovaskulárne ochorenia, koronárnu chorobu srdca a mortalitu pre všetky príčiny. Z epidemiologického sledovania Zrkadlo Slovensko sme hodnotili hyperurikémiu zo vzorky 20 000 pacientov z ambulancií praktických lekárov na získanie približného obrazu o tomto novšom rizikovom faktore. Kľúčové slová: epidemiológia – hyperurikémia – kardiovaskulárne ochorenia – liečba, Hyperuricaemia represents nowaday the new risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence data and its treatment in our patient´s population are still missing. Literature data shows, that its prevalence differs in various populations significantly from 4 % up to 40 % with race and geographical means. In the hospital population its prevalence is about 7 % and represents the important predictor of hospital mortality, e.i with heart failure. From the Framingham data relative risk was estimated of 25 % for cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease and all-course mortality. From the epidemiologic survey Mirror Slovakia hyperuricaemia was evaluated from the sample of 20 000 patients from the primare care physicians in order to see the picture on this newer risk factor. Key words: cardiovascular diseases – epidemiology – hyperuricaemia – therapy, and Andrej Dukát, Peter Sabaka, Ján Gajdošík, Marjan Vrbnjak, Oliver Tlčimuka, Peter Gavorník, Ľudovít Gašpar, F. Šimko
První epidemiologickou studii nevyšetřené dyspepsie v České republice provedla naše skupina v roce 2001. V roce 2011 jsme provedli novou prospektivní multicentrickou studii stejnou metodikou. V 22 centrech bylo zařazeno 1 836 osob (ve věku 5–98 let). Celková prevalence dlouhodobou dyspepsie byla 12 %, a to 3,5 % u lidí ve věku 5–24 let, 18 % mezi 25–64letými a 15 % u lidí ≥ 65 let. Přestože v posledních 10 letech došlo k významnému poklesu prevalence infekce Helicobacter pylori, prevalence a sociodemografické determinanty dyspepsie se signifikantně nezměnily., Epidemiology of uninvestigated dyspepsia was studied in the Czech Republic for the first time in 2001. The aim of our current multi-centre prospective study was to evaluate dyspepsia using the same methods in a representative sample of general unselected population from the same geographical areas 10 years later. A total of 22 centres entered the study. A total of 1,836 subjects (aged 5–98 years) were enrolled. The overall prevalence of dyspepsia was 12 %; namely 3.5 % in subjects aged 5–24 years, 18 % among 25–64-year-old persons and 15 % in subjects ≥ 65 years. Despite the substantial decrease of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Czech Republic over the past 10 years, the prevalence and basic socio-demographic determinants of uninvestigated dyspepsia did not change significantly., and Stanislav Rejchrt, Ilona Koupil, Marcela Kopáčová, Miluška Škodová Fendrichová, Bohumil Seifert, Viktor Voříšek, Jana Špirková, Tomáš Douda, Ilja Tachecí, Jan Bureš
The incidence of metabolic syndrome increases in the developed countries, therefore biomedical research is focused on the understanding of its etiology. The study of exact mechanisms is very complicated because both genetic and environmental factors contribute to this complex disease. The ability of environmental fac tors to promote phenotype changes by epigenetic DNA modifications (i.e. DNA methylation, histone modifications) was demonstrated to play an important role in the development and predisposition to particular symptoms of metabolic syndrome. There is no doubt that the early life, such as the fetal and perinatal periods, is critical for metabolic syndrome development and therefore critical for prevention of this disease. Moreover, these changes are visible not only in individuals exposed to environmental factor s but also in the subsequent progeny for multiple generations and this phenomenon is called transgenerational inheritance. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms, by which early minor environmental stimuli modify the expression of genetic information, might be the desired key for the understanding of mechanisms leading to the change of phenotype in adulthood. This review provides a short overview of metabolic syndrome epigenetics., J. Kuneš, I. Vaněčková, B. Mikulášková, M. Behuliak, L. Maletínská, J. Zicha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Recently, the weak Triebel-Lizorkin space was introduced by Grafakos and He, which includes the standard Triebel-Lizorkin space as a subset. The latter has a wide applications in aspects of analysis. In this paper, the authors firstly give equivalent quasi-norms of weak Triebel-Lizorkin spaces in terms of Peetre's maximal functions. As an application of those equivalent quasi-norms, an atomic decomposition of weak Triebel-Lizorkin spaces is given., Wenchang Li, Jingshi Xu., and Seznam literatury