Consider the n×n matrix with (i, j)’th entry gcd (i, j). Its largest eigenvalue \lambda _{n} and sum of entries s_{n} satisfy \lambda _{n} > s_{n}/n. Because sn cannot be expressed algebraically as a function of n, we underestimate it in several ways. In examples, we compare the bounds so obtained with one another and with a bound from S.Hong, R.Loewy (2004). We also conjecture that \lambda _{n} > 6\Pi ^{-2}n log n for all n. If n is large enough, this follows from F.Balatoni (1969)., Jorma K. Merikoski., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids ( ω-3 PUFA) are important components of cell membrane a ffecting its function and their deficiency is deleterious to health. We have previously shown that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are prone to life- threatening arrhythmias that are reduced by ω-3 PUFA intake. Purpose of this study was to explore plasma and red blood cells (RBC) profile of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA as well as to determine ω-3 index, a risk factor for sudden cardiac death, in aged SHR and the effect of ω-3 PUFA intake. Male and female 12-month-old SHR and age-matched Wi star rats fed with ω-3 PUFA (200 mg/kg BW/day/2 month) were compared with untreated rats. Composition of ω-3 PUFA: alfa linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaen oic acid (DHA) as well as ω-6 PUFA: linoleic acid and arachidonic acid was analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed sex- and strain-related differences of basal ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA levels in plasma and RBC as well as in response to ω-3 PUFA intake. Comparing to Wistar rats ω-3 index, expressed as a percentage of EPA+DHA of total fatty acids, was lower in SHR and it increased due to consumption of ω-3 PUFA. Findings support our hypothesis that lower ω-3 index may be also a marker of increased propensity of the hypertensive rat heart to malignant arrhythmias., B. Bačová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Hypokalemia as a typical feature of primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with muscle weakness and could contribute to lower cardio pulmonary fitness. The aim of this study was to describe cardiopulmonary fitness and exercise blood pressure and their determinants during a symptom-limited exercise stress test in patients with PA. We performed a cross-sectional study of patients with confirmed PA who were included before adrenal vein sampling on whom a symptom-limited exercise stress test with expired gas analysis was performed. Patients were switched to the treatment with doxazosin and verapamil at least tw o weeks befor e the study. In 27 patients (17 male) the VO 2peak was 25.4± 6.0 ml/k g/min which corresponds to 80.8 ±18.9 % of Czech national norm. Linear regression analysis shows that VO 2peak de pends on doxazosin dose (DX) (p=0.001) and kal emia (p= 0.02): VO 2peak = 4.2 - 1.0 * DX + 7.6 * Ka lemia. Patients with higher doxazosin doses had a longer history of hypertension and had used more antihypertensives before examination, thus indicating that VO 2peak also depends on the severity of hypertension. In patients with PA, lower cardiopulmonary fitness depends inversely on the severity of hypertension and o n lower plasma potassium level., V. Tuka, M. Matoulek, T. Zelinka, J. Rosa, O. Petrák, O. Mikeš, Z. Krátká, B. Štrauch, R. Holaj, J. Widimský Jr., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this study we compared the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in population samples characterized by a high or low level of self-reported depression. We measured serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α in two cohorts which differed in scoring on the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). The group with a high score in ZSDS (average SDS index = 62.9) was called DEP (n=27), the group with a low score in ZSDS (average SDS index = 29.9) was called NDEP (n=16). The groups did not significantly differ in age, waist circumference and body mass index. For the assessment of serum cytokine levels multiplex immunoanalytic xMAP(LUMINEX) technology was used. We found lower IL-6 in the DEP group (medians; DEP 4.08 pg/ml vs. NDEP 6.11 pg/ml) on the border of statistical significance in multiple regression analysis (p=0.049). Serum levels of all other studied cytokines were not significantly different (medians; IL-8: DEP 2.18 pg/ml vs. NDEP 2.61 pg/ml; IL-10: DEP 2.85 pg/ml vs. NDEP 2.94 pg/ml; TNF-α: DEP 2.32 pg/ml vs. NDEP 2.30 pg/ml). These results are in contradiction to the prevailing opinion that proinflammatory cytokine levels are elevated in people with symptoms of depression. and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Arterial sites with low wall shear stress (WSS) are more prone to the development of atherosclerotic plaques, as was observed in carotid arteries in subjects with atherosclerosis risk factors. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, hyperlipidemia and other components of the metabolic syndrome, are associated with high risk for symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. It was shown by others that untreated type 2 DM is associated with lower WSS in common carotid arteries. However, the cardiovascular risk of type 2 DM could be modified by therapy. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that treated type 2 DM subjects with metabolic syndrome still have lower WSS in common carotid arteries than healthy controls. We enrolled 26 compensated DM subjects with metabolic syndrome, treated by metformin, statins and ACEI for more than 6 months, and 22 aged-comparable healthy controls. Wall shear rate (WSR) was used as a measure of WSS. A linear 3-11 MHz probe was used to measure blood velocity and internal diameter in the common carotid arteries. We compared observed values of WSR adjusted for age by ANCOVA. Wall shear rate was significantly lower in DM group than in control subjects: peak (systolic) values of wall shear rate were 410±130 s-1 vs. 487±111 s-1 (p<0.005). DM subjects had significantly lower WSR, because of both thinner lumen and slower blood flow velocities. Lower WSR was accompanied by higher IMT (0.73±0.12 mm vs. 0.64±0.11 mm, p<0.001). Treated subjects with compensated type 2 DM with metabolic syndrome still have atherogenic hemodynamic profile. These findings might help to understand faster progression of atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome despite up-to-date medication., E. Chytilová ...[et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
A new nematode genus and species, Lucionema balatonense gen. et sp. п., is described from the swimbladder of the European pikeperch, Stizostedion lucioperca (L.), from Lake Balaton in Hungary; a new dracunculoid family Lucionematidae fam. n. is established to accommodate it. The hitherto monotypie family Lucionematidae shows affinities with the families Skrja-billanidae and Daniconematidae, differing from them mainly in having simple oesophagus without external oesophageal glands and the vulva situated near the middle of body; from the first family also in the absence of the buccal capsule and the bursa-like caudal alae in the male. The genus Lucionema gen. n. is characterized mainly by the presence of 8 cephalic papillae in two circlets, absence of spicules, presence of the copulatory plate, only 2 pairs of postanal papillae in the male, and by the distal part of the monodelphic uterus forming a posteriorly directed coil. The body length of L. balatonense females is 1074-1782 pm, that of the only available male 770 pm. A key to the families of the Dracunculoidea is presented.
Úvod: U lumbálnej sympatektómie sa ireverzibilne poškodí sympatikový kmeň a gangliá segmentov L1-L5, najčastejšie L2-L4. Výkon sa robí už od roku 1923. V minulosti boli jeho indikácie široké, po zavedení revaskularizačných metód význam poklesol. Cieľom práce je predstaviť literárny prehľad problematiky lumbálnej sympatektómie za posledných 15 rokov. Metóda: Literárny prehľad 113 akademických článkov svetovej literatúry. Patofyziológia: Princípom je zrušenie eferentácie na alfa-1 receptory, čím dochádza k relatívnej vazodilatácii malých ciev na dolných končatinách (DKK), prerušenie eferentácie exokrinných žliaz, ktorým sa zníži objem tvoreného potu a aferentácie nociceptorov ovplyvňujúcich bolesti DKK. Indikácie: Raynaudov fenomén, thromboangiitis obliterans, ischemická choroba dolných končatín (ICHDK) u nerevaskularizovateľného nálezu v štádiu Fontain III – IV, hyperhidróza, perzistujúca bolesť DKK, chronické bolesti amputačného pahýľu, omrzliny, oziabliny. Efekt: Tri najväčšie dohľadané štúdie uvádzajú pozitívny efekt v intervale 63,6 %−93,4 % u ICHDK a 97 %−100 % u hyperhidrózy. Za pozitívny efekt u pacienta považujú teplé DKK, zvýšenie prekrvenia, akceleráciu hojenia chronických defektov, zmiznutie potenia a zmenšenie bolestí DKK. Záver: lumbálna sympatektómia je stále použiteľnou metódou v terapii vyššie uvedených chorôb. Jej efekt závisí od správnej indikácie., Introduction: Lumbar sympathectomy (LS) irreversibly damages a part of the sympathetic trunk and adjacent ganglia between L1 and L5, typically between L2 and L4. The first LS was performed in 1923. Initially, it used to be performed very often; however, with the progress of vascular and endovascular surgery its importance gradually continues to decline. The aim of the paper is to present literature review focusing on LS over the past 15 years. Method: Literature review of 113 academic articles found in academic journal databases. Pathophysiology: Irreversible interruption of the efferent innervation leads to relative vasodilation of small vessels in lower extremities (α1-receptors blockade), and it reduces the volume of sweat due to inactivation of eccrine glands and nociception from lower limbs. Indication: Raynaud´s phenomenon, thromboangitis obliterans, non-revascularizable peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (Fontain grade III-IV), hyperhidrosis, persistent pain in lower extremities, chronic pain of amputation stump, frostbites, chilblains. Effect: The three largest studies showed a positive effect in 63.6–93.4% cases of PAD and in 97%−100% cases of hyperhidrosis. The positive effect was defined as warmer lower extremities, increased blood flow, acceleration of chronic defects healing, sweating disappearance and pain reduction. Conclusion: Lumbar sympathectomy still remains a useful method in the treatment of above mentioned diseases if properly indicated., and M. Pekař, M. Mazur, A. Pekařová, J. Kozák, A. Foltys
Congenital malformations such as lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and spina bifida occulta constitute unrare anomalies and could affect the symptomatology of low back pain. A transitional vertebra is characterized by elongation of one or both transverse processes, leading to the appearance ofa sacralized fifth lumbar vertebra or a lumbarized first sacral vertebra. Furthermore, sacral spina bifida occulta is a developmental anomaly that corresponds to the incomplete closure of the vertebral column. In the present case report, we describe a case of a dried sacrum presenting a partially sacralized fifth lumbar vertebra and total spina bifida, extended from first to fifth sacral vertebra. A pseudoarthrosis is formed on the left side and the specimen could be incorporated in Castellvi's type IIa. Moreover, the incidence, morphology, clinical and surgical significance of these spinal malformations are discussed. and P. George, T. Maria, K. Panagiotis
The paper studies the connection between the X-ray and thermo quartz luminescence, the massif formation facie features and differentiation of magmatic melt features, using the example of the Permian-Triassic granitoids from the Kolyvan-Tomsk folded belt (KTFB; the Kolyvan, the Barlak, the Ob, and the Novosibirsk rock massifs). The X-ray luminescence optical spectra and the thermoluminescence curves of quartz from the massifs listed above are obtained. The quartz luminescence is proven to be linked to the features of the magmatic melt differentiation. It is shown that the equivalence of the X-ray- and the thermoluminescence of granitoids quartz from different massifs are the result of similar conditions and mechanisms of the granitoids formation with close establishment periods. The obtained data make it possible to consider the KTFB granitoid magmatism as a result of natural magmatic differentiation of the original magma and to use the quartz emission spectra for typing granitoid massifs. The individuality of the Novosibirsk massif quartz, manifested in intense luminescence of Fe 3+, defects of O * (370 nm) and thermoluminescence (TL) at 180-220 °C, can be associated with high fugacity of oxygen, increased temperature and rate of mineral formation in rock collapse mode under tectonically active zone conditions. At the same time, the obtained data provides evidence for the differences in the leucocratic magmatism of the area, allowing differentiation of the Kolyvan-Tomsk folded belt leucogranites into the leucogranites of the Novosibirsk massif (Mo-W type of mineralization) and the leucogranites of the Kolyvan and the Barlak massifs characterized by rare metal mineralization (stannic-tungstic-beryllic with silver). and Boroznovskaya Nina Nikolayevna, Nebera Tatyana Stepanovna.