Léčba diabetes mellitus 2. typu je v současnosti účinná, ale bohužel ještě není ideální. Novou skupinu perorálních antidiabetik představují DPP4 inhibitory, tzv. gliptiny. V roce 2015 byla ukončena již 3. velká mortalitní klinická studie s gliptiny u pacientů s diabetes mellitus 2. typu a kardiovaskulárním onemocněním. Jedná se o studie TECOS, SAVOR a EXAMINE s léky sitagliptin, saxagliptin a alogliptin. Studie zahrnuly téměř 37 000 nemocných. Tyto studie prokázaly kardiovaskulární bezpečnost DPP4 inhibitorů, přesto ale zůstává otevřená otázka výskytu srdečního selhání. Prokázaná je i účinnost na snižování glykemie, resp. glykovaného hemoglobinu a bezpečnost z pohledu onemocnění pankreatu. Klíčová slova: bezpečnost – gliptiny – účinnost, The treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 is effective, but still is not optimal. DPP4 inhibitors (gliptins) are a new group of peroral antidiabetic drugs. The third clinical mortality study with gliptins in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 was finished in 2015. The studies are known under acronym TECOS, SAVOR and EXAMINE and the tested drugs are sitagliptin, saxagliptin and alogliptin. The studies included about 37 000 patients. The studies confirmed the cardiovascular safety of the DPP4 inhibitors, but the question about increased heart failure remains open. The effectiveness of lowering glycaemia (glycated haemoglobin) was confirmed and also the pancreatic safety is confirmed. Key word: effectiveness – gliptins – safety, and Jindřich Špinar, Lenka Špinarová, Jiří Vítovec
The development of the nematode Anguillicola crassus, a swimbladder parasite of eels, was experimentally studied in copepod intermediate hosts Cyclops strenuus and Acanthocyclops vernalis. The copepods, kept at a laboratory temperature of 20-22 °C, were infected with nematode second-stage larvae; the second moult of larvae (the only one in the intermediate host) was observed to start 10 days p,i„ but third-stage larvae liberated from their cuticular sheath were first observed 20 days p.i. These proved to be infective for experimental eels. Free second-stage larvae as well as larvae from copepods were described. The morphology of A. crassus larvae and the mode of their development in the intermediate host were compared with those of other dracunculoid nematodes. From this point of view, Anguillicola members appear to represent an ancient group of dracunculoid nematodes.
A description is given of the life cycle of the nematode Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) rebecae (Andrade-Salas, Pineda-Lopez et García-Magafia, 1994), an intestinal parasite of cichlids in Mexico. The copepod Mesocyclnps sp. was found to be a suitable experimental intermediate host. After the copepod’s ingestion of free first-stage larvae of the nematode, these enter the haemocoel of the intermediate host; they moult twice (on the 3rd and 5-6th day p.i. at 21-22”C) before they attain the third, infective stage. The third-stage larva already possesses the large buccal capsule without spiral thickenings and its tail tip bears three cuticular spines. The larvae undergo two additional moults (13-14 days and 42 days p.i.) in the definitive host (Cichlasoma urophthalmus) before changing to adults; the prepatent period is about 2-3 months. Experimental infection of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, have shown that these fishes may become paratenic (metaparatenic) hosts of this parasite. The morphology of individual larval stages of this nematode is described.
This paper presents the subject related to the technology of creating fractures into a rock, as well as the subject related to the effect of the proppant embedment phenomenon on the effective packed fracture in a reservoir rock. This phenomenon occurs after the performed hydraulic fracturing treatment of hydrocarbon reservoirs, during closing of the rock mass. A key part of this experiment was to investigate the depth of proppant grains penetration into the fracture wall (shale rock) and size of damage to the fracture wall surface. The embedment phenomena effects on decrease in the width fracture packed with proppant. The tests were performed for shale rock initially soaked with fracturing fluid, lightweight ceramic proppant grains with a grain size of 0.600÷0.300 mm (medium diameter of proppant grains of 0.450 mm), low surface concentration of proppant of 2.44 kg/m2. Time of exposure of proppant grains to compressive stress of a value 48.3 MPa for 6 hours at 70 oC. Test results indicate that the developed testing methodology may be used for corrected evaluation of the fracturing fluid as well as proppant in hydraulic fracturing treatment of unconventional reservoirs, especially shale rocks. and Maslowski Mateusz, Kasza Piotr, Wilk Klaudia.
Antiferomagnetické materiály mají velky potenciál pro konstrukci počítačových součastek nové generace. Nepřítomnost makroskopického magnetického momentu nicméně v těchto materiálech silně komplikuje studium jejich magnetických vlastností. V tomto článku popisujeme novou magnetooptickou metodu, která umožňuje zkoumat tenké kovové antiferomagnetické filmy pomocí femtosekundových laserových pulzů. Za vyvinutí této experimentální metody obdržel v roce 2017 V. Saidl cenu Česká hlava v kategorii Doctorandus - technické vědy., Antiferromagnetic materials have great potential for the development of a new generation of computer devices. However, the absence of net magnetic moment in these materials significantly complicates the investigation of their magnetic properties. In this article we present a new magneto-optical technique, which enables the study of thin films of antiferromagnetic metals by femtosecond laser pulses. In 2017 V. Saidl received the Czech head award, in the Doctorandus category, for the development of this experimental technique., Vít Saidl, Petr Němec, František Trojánek, Petr Malý., and Obsahuje použitou literaturu
We studied the interaction of cytochrome c (cyt c) with unilamellar liposomes (ULL) composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) modified by calix[6]arene (CX). We also analyzed the influence of cyt c on the properties of monomolecular films on an air-water interface composed of CX. The changes of the liposome size have been studied by dynamic light scattering and the zeta potential was determined by Doppler velocimetry. By ultrasound attenuation coefficient we also studied the effect of CX on the phase transition of the lipid bilayer of liposomes. The liposomes containing 10mol% CX have been on average 1.5 times larger in comparison with unmodified ULL. The increase of ULL diameter has been accompanied by a decrease of zeta potential toward negative values. This has been due to negatively charged carboxyl groups of CX polar part. The interaction of cyt c with CX resulted in an increase of zeta potential. CX did not affect the phase transition temperature of liposomes (T = 24.4 °C). However, the half width of the transition peak increased which is evidence of a decrease of the cooperativity of phase transition. CX forms stable monomolecular films on the air-water interphase. The presence of cyt c in a water subphase caused an increase of mean molecular area of CX. The dependence of relative changes of the area per molecule as a function of cyt c concentration had the shape of Langmuir isotherm. The dissociation constant, KD, determined in a solid state of the monolayer was 26.0 ± 5.4 nM, which is evidence of good affinity of cyt c to CX., Tibor Hianik, Zuzana Garaiová, Veronika Vargová, Pavol Vitovič., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ohromujúci vývoj laserových optických metód umožnil širokú plejádu manipulácií s objektmi pomocou svetelného lúča a ďalej podnietil vývoj experimentálnych postupov umožňujúcich zachytiť subpikonewtonovské sily medzi molekulami. Aplikácia optického silomera pri štúdiu vlastností biomakromolekúl nám pomáha chápať fyzikálne princípy mechanickej funkcie týchto komplexných nanometrových objektov., The extensive development of laser technology has enabled a large variety of object manipulations with light. This has initiated the development of experimental assays for the detection of sub piconewton forces between molecules. The application of an optical force meter for the study of bio-macromolecules reveals elementary physical principles of the mechanical function of these complex nano sized objects., Gabriel Žoldák., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Práce shrnuje nejnovější poznatky o souvislostech mezi syndromem obstrukční spánkové apnoe a hypertenzí. Věnuje se jak diagnostice, tak i terapii těchto pacientů a popisuje možnosti jejich farmakologické léčby a rozebírá vliv léčby pozitivním přetlakovým dýcháním na výšku krevního tlaku., This paper is discussing recent findings about links between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and arterial hypertension. It describes diagnostic approaches and also therapy of patients. It is describing options of pharmacological treatment and the influence of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on blood pressure level., and Milan Sova, Eliška Sovová, Milada Hobzová, Monika Kamasová, Vítězslav Kolek
To obtain the starting point for theoretical numerical computations the fibre reinforced concrete construction properties, adhesion of cement mixture with steel and polypropylene fibres and changes in its tension properties commensurate with number and weight percentage in the tested specimen were tested under laboratory conditions., Jiřina Trčková and Karel Řezba., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy