Přítomnost kardiovaskulárního onemocnění a zejména ischemické choroby srdeční u pacientů s diabetes mellitus 1. typu vede ke zkrácení očekávané délky života. Hyperglykemie, která zvyšuje oxidativní stres, je považována za klíčový faktor v jejich etiopatogenezi. Kalcifikace v koronárním řečišti, přítomnost srdeční autonomní neuropatie a diabetické nefropatie představuje stavy, které jsou významně asociovány s manifestací ischemické choroby srdeční. Rovněž hypoglykemické stavy významně zvyšují kardiovaskulární riziko. Na podkladě výsledků klinických studií existují důkazy o tom, že dobrá kompenzace diabetes mellitus 1. typu od doby její manifestace snižuje významně výskyt a progresi makrovaskulárních komplikací, včetně ischemické choroby srdeční. Korekce hypertenze a poruchy lipidového metabolizmu je rovněž spojena s příznivým účinkem., The presence of cardiovascular disease, and especially coronary artery disease, in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus impairs life expectancy. Hyperglycaemia, which increases oxidative stress, is the key pathophysiological factor. Coronary artery calcifications, the presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy are significantly associated with coronary artery disease manifestations. Likewise, the hypoglycaemic episodes significantly increase the cardiovascular risk. Based on the clinical trial outcomes, there is evidence showing that good compensation of type 1 diabetes from the time of its manifestation can significantly reduce the occurrence and progression of macrovascular complications, including coronary artery disease. The correction of hypertension and dyslipidaemia is also beneficial., and Charvát J.
Úvod: Cílem článku je ukázat experimentální a klinické výsledky odpovědi ledvin na teplou a studenou ischemii. Porovnává různé operační postupy a možnosti ovlivnění ledvinné ischemie při resekcích ledvin. Článek je souhrnem aktuálních literárních údajů. Výsledky: Existují tři hlavní mechanizmy ischemického poškození ledvin – cévní mechanizmus s přetrvávající vazokonstrikcí a abnormální reakcí endoteliálních buněk, tubulární obstrukce se zpětným tokem moči a reperfuzní poškození. Spor trvá o maximální toleranci teplé ischemie (WI), která může být ovlivněna hlavně chirurgickou technikou. Závěr: Pokud je předpokládáno při operaci využití ischemie, nádor by měl být odstraněn v co nejkratší možné době. Obecně je doporučován čas kratší než 25 minut teplé ischemie bez ohledu na typ chirurgického přístupu. Pokud je možnost provedení resekce v tomto čase ohrožena, je třeba začít včas s chlazením ledviny. Studená ischemie (cold ischemia – CI) může být dle závislosti na způsobu chlazení tolerována až do doby dvou hodin (autotransplantace). K možným druhům chlazení při resekčních výkonech patří metoda in situ studené arteriální perfuze, povrchové chlazení ledovou tříští, retrográdní perfuze dutého systému nebo ex situ studená arteriální perfuze s autotransplantací. Technika metod dosažení CI závisí na předoperačním hodnocení nálezu, chirurgické technice (otevřená, laparoskopická nebo robotická operace) a zvyklostech pracoviště., Introduction: The objective of this literature review was to summarize clinical and experimental evidence of the renal responses to warm and cold ischemia. The study compared different surgical procedures and options for dealing with renal ischemia during partial nephrectomy. The article is a summary of the current literature data. Results: There are three main mechanisms of ischemic renal injury – vascular, persistent vasoconstriction with an abnormal endothelial cell compensatory response, and tubular obstruction, with backflow of urine, and injury due to reperfusion. Controversy regarding the maximal kidney tolerability to warm ischemia continues. This communication summarizes literary data regarding available surgical techniques used to diminish the effects of warm ischemia. Conclusion: If ischemia is required, the tumour should be removed within 25 minutes of warm ischemia, regardless of the surgical approach. If this longer time of resection is expected, we have to start immediately with cold ischemia. Cold ischemia, depending on the cooling method, can be tolerated for up to 2 hours (autotransplantation). The cold ischemia technique includes in situ cold arterial perfusion, ice slush placed around the kidney, retrograde caliceal perfusion or ex situ cold arterial perfusion with autotransplantation. The technique depends on preoperative findings, surgical technique (open, laparoscopic or robotic) and institutional experience., Petr Stránský, Milan Hora, Jan Hrbáček, Viktor Eret, Tomáš Ürge, Renáta Peteříková, and Literatura
Secularism and state policies toward religion represent one of the most important issues in Turkey aver since the establishment of the republic in 1923. This contribution briefly summarizes the interpretation of secularism a la turca under the Kemalist leadership and highlights the significant changes that have happened in this area under the AKP government of Prime Minister Recep Tayip Endogan after 2002. The AKP's attempts to introduce Islam-based morality into public space waswelcomed by various religious communities while diminished pressure from the state authorities allowed religiously oriented Turkish movements to act more freely. With the AKP's consolidation of power, the Hizmet movement of Fethullah Gülen finally forged a closer alliance with Ergodan's government and so became an important source of political and economic support both in Turkey and abroad. THe article also shows that the "moderate" secularism as experienced under the current government relaxed the pressure on vocational schools for imams and preachers and transformed the understanding of the state Sunni-Muslim "Church" organization (Diyanet) in the eyes of former hard-line Islamists. Secular circles, however, reject these developments and new trends as signs of continuous Islamization., Gabriel Pirický., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article deals with the impact of the Arab uprisings on Islamism in its various forms (from the mainstream movements to the radical ones). It specifically addresses the issues revolving around the influence of politicization on Islamist movements and it describes the recent evolution of Salafi and Jihadi trends (especially as influenced by their participation in everyday politics and the war in Syria). The author argues that various Islamist tendencies have experienced significant levels of transformation in recent years, thus necessitating a reshaping of our understanding of this phenomenon., Ondřej Beránek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The European stag beetle, Lucanus cervus, is recognised as a flagship species for biodiversity conservation. Although the species is widely distributed across Europe declines have led to it being granted protected or endangered status in a number of countries and regarded as "near threatened" by the IUCN. The integration of genetic approaches into conservation efforts is urgently needed but has been impeded to date by the lack of appropriate genetic markers. To provide such a resource the development of the first microsatellite loci for stag beetle is described. Loci were identified using two methods (i) enriched library cloning (ELC) and (ii) Restriction enzyme Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq). Inefficient microsatellite detection using the ELC method suggests that RAD-Seq, or other Next Generation Sequencing based methods, may ultimately be more cost effective for obtaining informative suites of markers for this and other coleopteran species. 18 loci were characterised by genotyping 42 UK specimens collected as prey leftover/roadkill. All loci produced unambiguous genotypes and were polymorphic. Though preliminary, estimates of genetic variability suggest UK populations may be genetically depauperate. The microsatellite loci represent a suite of genetic markers that can be applied to non-invasive population monitoring and numerous other areas of Lucanus conservation and evolutionary research., Niall J. McKeown, Deborah J. Harvey, Amy J. E. Healey, Ilze Skujina, Karen Cox, Alan C. Gange, Paul W. Shaw., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this study, we report the development of a set of 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker), a highly invasive insect in Europe causing significant damage to natural and ornamental Buxus trees. The markers were characterized for four distant populations in both its native (China, two populations) and invasive ranges (Czech Republic and Turkey, one population each). The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 12. No marker significantly deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all the populations sampled. These microsatellite markers are promising tools for further studies on the invasive pathways and dispersal pattern of the box tree moth in Europe., Audrey Bras, Laure Sauné, Alain Roques, Jérôme Rousselet, Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We investigate isometric composition operators on the weighted Dirichlet space {D_\alpha } with standard weights {(1 - {\left| z \right|^2})^\alpha },\alpha > - 1 . The main technique used comes from Martín and Vukotić who completely characterized the isometric composition operators on the classical Dirichlet space D. We solve some of these but not in general. We also investigate the situation when {D_\alpha } is equipped with another equivalent norm., Shi-An Han, Ze-Hua Zhou., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Let L := −Δ + V be a Schrödinger operator on\mathbb{R}^{n} with n\geqslant 3 and V\geqslant 0 satisfying \Delta ^{-1}V\in L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}^{n}). Assume that φ: {R}^{n} × [0,∞) → [0,∞) is a function such that φ(x,,) is an Orlicz function, φ(•, t) \in A_{\infty }({R}^{n}) (the class of uniformly Muckenhoupt weights). Let w be an L-harmonic function on {R}^{n} with 0< C_{1}\leq w\leq C_{2}, where C_{1} and C_{2} are positive constants. In this article, the author proves that the mapping H_{\phi ,L} (\mathbb{R}^n ) \mathrel\backepsilon f \mapsto wf \in H_\phi (\mathbb{R}^n ) is an isomorphism from the Musielak-Orlicz-Hardy space associated with L,H_{\phi ,L} (\mathbb{R}^n ), to the Musielak-Orlicz-Hardy space H_\phi (\mathbb{R}^n ) under some assumptions on φ. As applications, the author further obtains the atomic and molecular characterizations of the space H_{\phi ,L} (\mathbb{R}^n ) associated with w, and proves that the operator {( - \Delta )^{ - 1/2}}{L^{1/2}} is an isomorphism of the spaces H_{\phi ,L} (\mathbb{R}^n ) and H_\phi (\mathbb{R}^n ). All these results are new even when φ(x, t) ≔ t^{p}, for all x \in \mathbb{R}^{n} and t \in [0,∞), with p ∞ (n/(n + μ_{0}), 1) and some μ_{0} \in (0, 1]., Sibei Yang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Despite the state borders, and the different socioeconomical and cultural contexts, productions of Italian opera in Prague and Dresden become considerably interconnected due the activity of the impresario Giuseppe Bustelli. During his directorship (1764-1777 in Prague, 1765-1777 in Dresden) and even in the next decade, more than 50% of the repertoire was shared. Furthermore, some of the artists performed in both cities, and the same or similar adaptations of operas were used. The main difference in repertoire consisted in opera seria productions in Prague until 1777, whereas in Dresden only opera buffa was staged since 1765. Analyses of selected works reveal some of both similar and different performing strategies and their aesthetical, practical as well as political connections., Marc Niubo., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy