V práci je prezentovaná problematika tvorby vol'ných radikálov kyslíka, ich elektrónovej štruktúry, vlastností a metódy detekcie. Pozornosť je venovaná poškodzujúcemu účinku vol'ných radikálov na nukleové kyseliny, proteíny a biologické membrány., The article is dealing with the topic of oxygen-containing free radicals, their electronic structure, properties and methods of detection. Attention is paid to chemical and biochemical aspects of these free radicals, i.e., the sources of their generation, the metal-mediated formation of the reactive species and the damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids initiated by them., Klaudia Jomová, Ľubomír Zelenický, Vlasta Brezová, Marián Valko., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Two schools of freedom are considered and compared, 'the liberty school' and 'the real freedom school'. For the liberty school, freedom is freedom of choice. In the classical understanding, that is seen as a matter of rights. In the modern, revised understanding, it is seen as depending on rights, resources and arenas. For the real freedom school, freedom is a matter of being one's own master. This is viewed not as 'rational choice' but as being in control of both the ends and the means in shaping one's life. Freedom is now a function of liberty and reason. The challenge the real freedom school puts to us is the psychological problem of self-control. The second part of the article considers and defies 'reason'. Reason is seen as a competence that must be learned. It consists of the application in life choices of values and norms. Values and norms are beliefs about what is good (or bad) and right (or wrong). Operational values and norms are grounded in evidence-based faith and are learnt in institutions, in particular in families, schools, and arenas of deliberation. The politics of freedom goes to the protection and nurturing of institutions. The method of analysis is individualistic, but the final conclusions social. It is argued that the real freedom school of freedom should be the preferred one for the advancement and protection of freedom in today's world.
It is well known that antagonists of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels inhibit the evoked quan tal release of acetylcholine in amphibian neuromuscular synapses. This, however, does not exclude the functional expression of other types of voltage-gated calcium channels in these nerve terminals. Using immunocytochemistry, we detected the expression of the α1A subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels (that is otherwise typical of mammalian motor nerve endings) in the frog neuromuscular junction. In addition, we demonstrated that the P/Q-type channel blocker ω-agatoxin IVA (20 nM) reduced the action potential- induced calcium transient and significantly decreased both spontaneous and evoked mediator release. Our data indicates the functional expression of P/Q-type calcium channels in the frog motor nerve ending which participate in acetylcholine release., L. F. Nurullin ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The aim of the following study is to analyze Voltaire’s biography about Charles XII as an early part of Voltaire’s historiographical work and also to analyze the ideas of the Enlightenment the author used. The study also tries to answer the question which lesson a reader should get and which interpretations should be on the other hand avoided., Martin Liška., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy