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8722. Intense infections with a variant of Myxobolus procerus (Myxosporea) in muscle of trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) in Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior
- Creator:
- Cone, David, Eurell, Thomas, Axler, Richard, Rau, Dan, and Beasley, Val
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Subject:
- Myxobolus procerus, Percopsis omiscomaycus, pollution, and Lake Superior
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Intense infections of a variant of Myxobolus procerus (Kudo, 1934) are described from trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum)) collected in Duluth Harbor, Lake Superior, USA. This particular population of parasites has spores that are identical in shape (narrow pyriform) to those described for M. procerus except that they are significantly smaller (13-14.5 pm long versus 15-17 pm long). In contrast to what was originally described for M. procerus, the plasmodia develop primarily within red and white striated muscle fibres and only rarely among the subdermal connective tissue. Most plasmodia were at or near the same stage of development. Typical development involves growth within the fibre. The parasite eventually replaces the entire content of the host cell and appears to halt development before rupturing the outer cell membrane. The only obvious host response was an occasional cyst being invaded by a localized cellular infiltrate. Infected fish appeared of normal health and no grossly evident myoliquefaction was seen. The infections involved several hundred plasmodia per fish and the question of why such unusually high levels of infection would develop in hosts inhabiting a polluted habitat is raised. It is suggested that proliferation of a pollution tolerant oligochaete (the suspected alternate host) in the harbour and/or a compromised host immune system may have increased the probability of successful transmission and development in trout-perch living in the harbour.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
8723. Intenzita a charakter úmrtnosti na Slovensku v medzivojnom období
- Creator:
- Branislav Šprocha and Pavol Tišliar
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Demografie. Populace, úmrtnost, mortality, Slovensko, Slovakia, infant mortality, causes of death, interwar period, 18, and 314
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The long-term mortality conditions in Slovakia significantly lagged for demographically most advanced European countries. Mortality is one of the two main demographic processes which in the context of demographic transition undergone significant changes. The interbellum period constitutted for the population development and reproductive behaviour in Slovakia one of the most important developmental period. it is the period in which continued and deepened considerably significant quantitative and qualitative changes in the process of mortality. The aim of this paper is to analyze intensity and character of mortality in Slovakia in interwar period and to describe their changes and development. Special attention is paid to the level and character of infant mortality, differential analysis by age, sex, nationality, religion and causes of death., Branislav Šprocha, Pavol Tišliar., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
8724. Intenzivní rodičovství a jeho souvislost s kvalitou strategické pomoci (scaffolding) matky při společné hře s dítětem předškolního věku
- Creator:
- Woznicová, Adéla, Hlavová, Renata, Petra Daňsová, and Lenka Lacinová
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- školy, schools, scaffolding, organizované aktivity, přesvědčení o přirozeném vývoji, předškolní věk, organized activities, trust in organismic development, preschool age, 17, and 159.9
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Cílem práce bylo prozkoumat vztahy mezi mírou organizovaných aktivit dětí v předškolním věku, přesvědčením matky o přirozeném vývoji a kvalitou strategické pomoci (scaffolding) během společné hry s dítětem. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo 34 dvojic matek se svými dětmi ve věku od 52 do 83 měsíců (z toho 14 matek s vysokoškolským vzděláním). Data byla získána pozorováním společné hry se stavebnicí a pomocí dotazníků zjišťujících postoj matky k vývoji dítěte a míru organizovaných aktivit dětí. Bylo zjištěno, že u vysokoškolsky vzdělaných matek a matek s vyšším přesvědčením o přirozeném vývoji se objevuje méně nekvalitního scaffoldingu oproti matkám bez vysokoškolského vzdělání a s nižším přesvědčením o přirozeném vývoji. Ačkoli do organizovaných aktivit mimo mateřskou školu zapisují své děti více matky s VŠ vzděláním, docházka do těchto aktivit v rámci mateřské školy se u dětí matek s různým vzděláním neliší. Přestože matky s vysokoškolským vzděláním mohou nadměrně strukturovat volný čas dítěti skrze organizované aktivity, nebyla zjištěna souvislost této tendence na poskytování autonomie ve hře, a tedy na kvalitu scaffoldingu. Práce přináší nový pohled na problematiku intenzivního rodičovství a nadměrné strukturace času., The purpose of this study was to find out and verify relationships between the amount of organized activities (OAs) of children in preschool age, mother’s trust in organismic development and maternal scaffolding quality during mother-child play. Thirty-four pairs of mothers and their children aged 52-83 months participated in this study. The data was collected through a questionnaire and by observation of the game. Results revealed that higher educated mothers and mothers with higher trust in organismic development showed less poor-quality scaffolding during play in comparison to mothers without higher education and to mothers with lower trust in organismic development. Although higher educated mothers can excessively structure their children’s leisure time through OAs, there did not appear any effect of this on the autonomy support during the play and therefore on the scaffolding quality. This study brings a new view to issues of intensive parenting and the excessive structuring of children’s time., Adéla Woznicová, Renata Hlavová, Petra Daňsová, Lenka Lacinová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
8725. Inter-collicular suppression compresses all types of rate-amplitude functions of inferior collicular neurons in mice
- Creator:
- Cheng, Liang, Mei, Hui-Hian, and Huang, Yun
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, physiology, inter-collicular suppression, rate-amplitude function, amplitude-coding, inferior colliculus, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The two i nferior colliculi (IC) are paired structures in the midbrain that are connected to each other by a bundle of commissural fibers. The fibers play an important role in coordinating sound signal processing between the two inferior colliculi. This study examined inter-collicular suppression on sound signal processing in amp litude domain of mice by measuring the rate-amplitude functions (RAFs) of neurons in one IC during the electrical stimulation of the opposite IC. Three types (monotonic, saturated and non-monotonic) RAFs of collicular neurons were measured before and durin g inter-collicular suppression. Inter-collicular suppression significantly increased the slope, decreased the dynamic range and narrowed down the responsive amplitude of all RAFs to high amplitude level but did not change the type of most (36/43, 84 % ) RAFs. As a result, all types of RAFs were compressed at a greater degree at low than at high sound amplitude during inter-collicular suppression. These data indicate that inter-collicular suppression improve sound processing in the high amplitude domain., Liang Cheng, Hui-Xian Mei, Yun Huang., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
8726. Interaction of glutamate- and adenosine-induced decrease of acetylcholine quantal release at frog neuromuscular junction
- Creator:
- Svatopluk Adámek, Shakirzyanova, A. V., Malomouzh, A. I., Naumenko, N. V., and Vyskočil, F.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, physiology, endplate potentials, guanylyl cyclase, carbacholine, ATP, NO, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In a frog neuromuscular preparation of m. sartorius, glutamate had a reversible dose-dependent inhibitory effect on both spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEPP) and nerve stimulation-evoked endplate potentials (EPP). The effect of glutamate on MEPP and EPP is caused by the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, as it was eliminated by MCPG, an inhibitor of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. The depression of evoked EPP, but not MEPP frequency was removed by inhibiting the NO production in the muscle by L-NAME and by ODQ that inhibits the soluble NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase. The glutamate-induced depression of the frequency of spontaneous MEPP is apparently not caused by the stimulation of the NO cascade. The particular glutamate-stimulated NO cascade affecting the evoked EPP can be down-regulated also by adenosine receptors, as the glutamate and adenosine actions are not additive and application of adenosine partially prevents the further decrease of quantal content by glutamate. On the other hand, there is no obvious interaction between the glutamatemediated inhibition of EPP and inhibitory pathways triggered by carbacholine and ATP. The effect of glutamate on the evoked EPP release might be due to NO-mediated modulation (phosphorylation) of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels at the presynaptic release zone that are necessary for evoked quantal release and open during EPP production., S. Adámek ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
8727. Interaction of virulent and attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus strains in ticks and a tick cell line
- Creator:
- Kopecký, Jan and Staňková, Ilona
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Subject:
- tick-borne encephalitis virus, tick vector, and interference
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- An interference between a thermosensitive (ts) mutant and the wild-type (wt) of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Ixodes ricinus L, and Rhipicephalus appendicuiatus (Neumann) ticks is reported. /. ricinus females were dually infected by a parenteral inoculation of ts and wt strains at 10-day interval. Interference was demonstrated by the lowered ability of wt virus to replicate in ticks previously infected by ts virus. The wt virus was demonstrated in only 30% of the ticks; the average virus titre was lowered by 2.1 log|0 compared with the control group, which was infected with the wt virus only. The oral infection of R. appendicuiatus ticks with the same viruses also revealed an interference with the growth of the superinfecting wt virus. While in the control group all the ticks became infected, in the dually infected group the wt virus was found in only 50% of the ticks. However, when the ticks were infected orally with is virus and superinfected parenterally with the wt virus, no interference was observed. In a R. appendicuiatus-derived cell line persistently infected with the ts virus (100% of the cells), a partial inhibition of the growth of the superinfecting wt virus was observed. The ts virus retained its thermosensitive phenotype throughout the persistent infection of both the ticks and the tick cell line.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
8728. Interactions of elevated CO2 and drought stress in gas exchange and water-use effíciency in three temperate deciduous tree species
- Creator:
- Liang, N., Maruyama, K., and Huang, Y.
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Subject:
- A/nus firma, transpiration rate, photosynthesis, leaf water potential, leaf conductance, Ginkgo biloba, and Fagus crenala
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- The effect of CO2 increase on gas exchange and water-use effíciency (WUE) in three temperate deciduous species (Fagus crenata, Ginkgo biloba and Alnus firma) under gradually-developing drought-stress was assessed. Seedlings were grown within transparent open-top cabinets and maintained for 4 monťhs at mean CO2 concentrations of either 350 (ambient; C350) or 700 pmol moT’ (elevated; C700) and combined with five water regimes [leaf water potential, higher than -0.3 (well- watered), -0.5 and -0.8 (moderate drought), -1.0 and lower than -1.2 MPa (serious drought-stress)]. Increase in CO2 concentration induced a 60 % average increase in net photosynthetic rate (P^) under well-watered conditions. The effect of C700 became more pronounced with drought stress established, with an 80 % average increase in at as low as -0.8 MPa; leaf conductance to water vapour transfer (gs) and transpiration rate (£), however, were significantly decreased. Consequently, WUE increased under drought, through drought stress affected potential E sooner than potential P^. The interaction of CO2 x drought stress on WUE was significant in that Pn was stimulated while E in C700 enriched plants resembled that of C350 plants under drought. Hence if a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration occurs by the mid 2U* century, then greater P^ in F. crenata, G. biloba and^. firma may be expected and the drought susceptibility of these species will be substantially enhanced.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
8729. Interactions of galanin with endomorphin-2, vasopressin and oxytocin in nociceptive modulation of the trigemino-hypoglossal reflex in rats
- Creator:
- Zubrzycka, Maria and Janecka, A.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika, experimentální fyziologie, vasopresin, opioidy, experimental physiology, vasopressin, opioids, antinociception, galanin, oxytocin, galanin antagonists, opioid antagonists, perfusion of cerebral ventricles, 2, and 577
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Galanin (GAL) is suggested to be a neuropeptide involved in pain transmission. In this study we tried to determine, whether the increase of GAL concentration in brain cells affects impulse transmission between the motor centers localized in the vicinity of the third and fourth cerebral ventricles. The experiments were carried out on rats under chloralose anesthesia. The study objectives were realized using the method allowing to record the amplitude of evoked tongue jerks (ETJ) in response to noxious tooth pulp stimulation during the perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with solutions containing tested compounds. Perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with GAL concentration-dependently inhibited the ETJ amplitude. The antinociceptive effect of GAL was blocked by a galanin receptor antagonist, galantide (GLT) and by opioid antagonists: non-selective naloxone (Nal) and μ-selective β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA). In contrast, a δ-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole (NTI) or the κ-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltrophimine (nor-BNI) did not inhibit the effect of GAL. The antinociceptive effect of GAL was more pronounced when GAL was perfused in combination with other neuropeptides/neurohormones, such as endomorphin-2 (EM-2), vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT). The present results demonstrate that in the orofacial area analgesic activity is modulated by GAL, OT and AVP and that EM-2-induced antinociception involves GAL., M. Zubrzycka, A. Janecka., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
8730. Interactions of peripheral endothelin-1 and nerve growth factor as contributors to persistent cutaneous pain
- Creator:
- Khodorova, A., Zhang, Y., Strichartz, G., and Nicol, G.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fyziologie člověka, human physiology, Nerve growth factor, Endothelin-1, Hyperalgesia, Cancer pain, Sex-dependent pain, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) are proteins, released from cancer-ridden tissues, which cause spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to noxious stimuli. Here we examined the electrophysiological and behavioral effects of these two agents for evidence of their interactions. Individual small-medium cultured DRG sensory neurons responded to both ET-1 (50 nM, n=6) and NGF (100 ng/ml, n=4), with increased numbers of action potentials and decreased slow K+ currents; pre-exposure to ET-1 potentiated NGF´s actions, but not vice versa. Behaviorally, single intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of low doses of ET-1 (20 pmol) or NGF (100 ng), did not increase hindpaw tactile or thermal sensitivity, but their simultaneous injections sensitized the paw to both modalities. Daily i.pl. injections of low ET-1 doses in male rats caused tactile sensitization after 21 days, and enabled further tactile and thermal sensitization from low dose NGF, in ipsilateral and contralateral hindpaws. Single injections of 100 ng NGF, without changing the paw’s tactile sensitivity by itself, acutely sensitized the ipsilateral paw to subsequent injections of low ET-1. The sensitization from repeated low ET-1 dosing and the cross-sensitization between NGF and ET-1 were both significantly greater in female than in male rats. These findings reveal a synergistic interaction between cutaneously administered low doses of NGF and ET-1, which could contribute to cancer-related pain., A. Khodorova, Y. Zhang, G. Nicol, G. Strichartz., and Seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public