The article offers a comparison of the development of institutions of care for children under the age of three in France and in the Czech Republic. It explains the differences in the forms of institutions, policies and the level of state support using a comparative analysis of the discourses of childcare that have existed in the two countries since the end of the Second World War. Expert discourses in particular were found to have an important role in the development of institutions and policies: psychological discursive framings had a strong influence on the public discourse, political decisions and the resulting form of institutions. While in France mainly empirically‑oriented psychologists and pedagogues entered the debate, in Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic the discursive arena was dominated by clinical psychologists and paediatricians. Other influential factors were identified, such as the economic situation, political actors, social movements; and sequencing of events; but the expert discourse was proved to be crucial for the understanding of the divergent development of childcare institutions in the two countries., Radka Dudová, Hana Hašková., Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
The article stands as the fourth part of a series about the question answering process during standardized surveys and elaborates the phase of editing the response. Major moments and processes are explained that affect the shape of final answer at this stage and the narrow relationship of these facts to the nature and quality of survey data is pointed out. Step by step those phenomenons like rounding of numerical answers, the effect of answering scales in terms of its range, frequency, polarity or response order are elaborated and facts like response styles, range-frequency effect or positivity bias are mentioned. In the end, the problem of social desirability and its influence onto final answer is addressed, as well as some opportunities of elimination. Described aspects are related mainly to the distinction between factual and attitudinal questions, nonetheless in the course of presentation there are mentioned also particularities of some other question formats., Jak bylo v předchozích částech seriálu několikrát zmíněno, dosažení rozhodnutí ještě není definitivní tečkou za procesem zodpovídání výzkumného dotazu. V poslední fázi kognitivních procesů musí respondenti takto dosaženou odpověď většinou ještě nějakým způsobem upravit. Například je třeba výsledek hledání v paměti a rozhodování přizpůsobit některé z možností, kterou nabízí dotazník, nebo se respondent rozhodne svou výpověď modifikovat k sociálně přijatelnější podobě. Také v této fázi tedy dochází k přímému vlivu kognitivních aspektů na podobu výsledné odpovědi a také zde je tedy vhodné zkoumat, které procesy a faktory mohou odpověď ovlivnit a jaké dopady to může mít na povahu a kvalitu dat získaných v rámci dotazníkového šetření., Jiří Vinopal., and Seznam literatury
This article explores how aggregate level data may be used to make inferences about individual level behaviour. A common strategy in the past was to assume that the relations evident in aggregated data are also present in individual data. Analysis of datasets where there is both individual and aggregated information demonstrates that this assumption is most often incorrect. This means that the relationships observed between variables at an aggregated level are unlikely to be observed in individual level data. This is a problem because quite often social scientists only have aggregated data for exploring individual level behaviour. A key question explored in this article is how is it possible to validly and reliably use aggregated datasets to make inferences about relationships between variables at the individual level. An example analysis is given using electoral data from the Czech Republic., Pat Lyons., 4 obrázky, 4 tabulky, Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
Women constituted in the textile centers like Frýdek or Místek an important part of the workforce, because they at the same time worked in the textile manufactures and factories and in the domestic service. The percentage of economically active women was in the second half of the nineteeth century, according to the current knowledge, almost 40 % of the whole female population in both towns. On the basis of the statistical data of Austrian provenance, as well as the excerpts from Austrian censuse, it is possible to ascertain the percentage of women employed in various economic sectors and types of professions and compare these percentages in time, that is, follow up with the impact of industrialization on the transformations of economic activities of women. and Radek Lipovski.