During the last couple of decades, paid childcare has become one of the central issues of feminist research. Agencies mediating childcare are a relatively new actor in childcare arrangements in the Czech Republic. This article argues that these agencies do not fill a gap in the market by offering childcare. Far from providing simple supply that reacts to a market demand, the agencies create the demand for specific care. Drawing upon qualitative research conducted with owners of these agencies, the text looks into the ways in which childcare is constructed. The issues of qualified, specialized, and professionalized care are discussed. The article aims to show that childcare in the agencies is deconstructed as a natural female activity and is reconstructed as a gendered activity requiring particular skills that are subjected to professional screening., Adéla Souralová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Kruciální pojem Úmluvy o právech dítěte, „well-being (welfare) of the child“ byl pro české zákony přeložen slovem „blaho“, které se běžně nepoužívá a není úplně srozumitelné. Autorka se snaží najít vhodnější výraz.Právní úprava poměrů dítěte prošla v poválečném období zvláštním vývojem: právní stav v zemích tradičních demokracií se lišil od situace ve státech tzv. sovětského bloku.V druhých jmenovaných byly přepsány všechny zákony podle sovětského vzoru. To mimo jiné znamenalo, že moc nad dítětem získal zásadě každý, kdo byl rodičem. O takový právní stav se v ostatních zemích našeho kulturního regionu (západní Evropa, USA ap.) svádějí dodnes boje nebo se aspoň vedou diskuse. Jestliže soud na Západě rozhoduje o právních poměrech dítěte, rozhoduje o tom, který rodič má mít rodičovskou odpovědnost.Moc nad dítětem je tam totiž tradičně (od dob antického Říma) singularizovaná (tj.má ji jeden rodič). Totéž platí, rozhoduje-li o poměrech dítěte ESLP ve Štrasburku.Pokud rozhoduje o poměrech dítěte soud v ČR, rozhoduje jen o tom, jak který z rodičů se bude podílet na výkonu rodičovské odpovědnosti k dítěti. Proto jsou rozhodnutí ESLP v meritu pro naše soudy nepoužitelná. Zákony západních zemí jen postupně dospívají do podobné právní situace, jaká je u nás už šedesát let. Na rozdíl od poměrů u nás je na západě zásadní rozpor s well-being dítěte nepřekročitelnou překážkou. Pro rozhodování soudu v případě, kdy rodiče dítěte netvoří nebo nechtějí tvořit souladný pár, by mělo být všude určující, že musí najít to řešení, které nejlépe zajistí spokojený život dítěte. and The crucial term of The Convention on the Rights of the Child “welfare of a child” was officially translated for the use of Czech legal system as “blaho” in Czech. This Czech term, although it has many meanings, is not commonly used in this context and is quite unclear. Nevertheless the author attempts to find a better word for the term “welfare”.During the period following the Second World War the law dealing with children had undergone a specific evolution: the legal regulation of the traditional democracies differed from the one in the so-called Soviet bloc. The latter states rewrote their laws in order to comply with the Soviet model. This, among others, meant that whoever was parent, obtained the rights and responsibilities over the child. This legal condition is the reason for the struggles or at least discussions all over the countries of our cultural region (Western Europe, USA etc.).When Western courts determine the child’s legal relations, it decides which parent should
maintain the legal custody. The reason for that is the traditional (since ancient Rome) sole legal custody (it’s awarded to only one parent). The same can be said about the judgments of the ECtHR in Strasbourg concerning these types of cases. If it’s the Czech court, who determines these issues, it focusses only on details of joint parental responsibility, thus it decides just how a parent will participate in the exercise of parental responsibility for the child. Therefore the judgments of the ECtHR are not applicable to our courts. The law of western countries has only gradually reached the same judicial state of affairs, which we have reached over sixty years ago. Contrary to our situation, there is a major conflict regarding the welfare of a child in the West and it represents an unsurmountable obstacle. For the courts’ decision making it should be fundamental (in case of parents inability to maintain healthy relationship) to find a solution which leads to a best realization of a content life of a child.
The article offers a comparison of the development of institutions of care for children under the age of three in France and in the Czech Republic. It explains the differences in the forms of institutions, policies and the level of state support using a comparative analysis of the discourses of childcare that have existed in the two countries since the end of the Second World War. Expert discourses in particular were found to have an important role in the development of institutions and policies: psychological discursive framings had a strong influence on the public discourse, political decisions and the resulting form of institutions. While in France mainly empirically‑oriented psychologists and pedagogues entered the debate, in Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic the discursive arena was dominated by clinical psychologists and paediatricians. Other influential factors were identified, such as the economic situation, political actors, social movements; and sequencing of events; but the expert discourse was proved to be crucial for the understanding of the divergent development of childcare institutions in the two countries., Radka Dudová, Hana Hašková., Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
The article explores the frequency and intensity of childcare provided by grandparents. It uses the 2006/2007 SHARE data for 12 countries with a special focus on the Czech Republic. Past research usually distinguishes between the North-European model with high frequency and low intensity grand-parenting and the Southern-European model with low frequency and high intensity grand-parenting. This article shows that the Czech Republic - along with Germany and Austria - cannot be easily classified into these two broad patterns. Czech grandparents tend to participate in childcare with low frequency and low intensity, particularly in the case of children under 3 years of age. Low maternal labor force participation is used as an argument explaining this finding., Dana Hamplová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Cieľ: Cieľom výskumu bolo u detí s bronchiálnou astmou zistiť vplyv ochorenia a stupňa kontroly astmy na kvalitu života dieťaťa a kvalitu života jeho rodičov. Metodika: Na zber empirických údajov sme použili štandardizované dotazníky na kvalitu života – Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) a Paediatric Asthma Caregiver´s Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) a na hodnotenie kontroly astmy – Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ). Výsledky boli analyzované pomocou metód deskriptívnej a induktívnej štatistiky. Výsledky: Vo vzorke detí (n = 72) sme zistili, že 27 (37,5 %) detí malo astmu pod kontrolou a 28 detí (38,9 %) bolo v pásme nekontrolovanej astmy. Celkové skóre ACQ (1,24 ±1,07) potvrdilo stredný stupeň kontroly astmy. Celkové skóre dotazníka PAQLQ u detí bolo 5,34 ±1,16, čo indikuje, že deti s astmou vyjadrujú dobrú kvalitu života. U detí ochorenie viac vplývalo na aktivity ako na emocionálne prežívanie a výskyt symptómov. Celkové skóre dotazníka PACQLQ u rodičov bolo 4,53 ±1,07, u rodičov nebol zaznamenaný rozdiel v doménach emocionálne prežívanie a aktivity. Výskum potvrdil, že stupeň kontroly astmy štatisticky významne ovplyvňuje kvalitu života dieťaťa aj jeho rodičov, pričom čím je vyššia kvalita života dieťaťa, tým je vyššia kvalita života rodičov. Záver: Cieľom komplexného manažmentu liečby je dosiahnuť čo najoptimálnejší stupeň kontroly astmy, a tým vytvoriť predpoklady k vyššej kvalite života dieťaťa a jeho rodičov. Využívaním posudzovacích nástrojov na hodnotenie kvality života je možné identifikovať závažný dopad choroby na každodenný život detí aj rodičov., Aim: The aim of the research was to find out the impact of the disease and the degree of asthma control on quality of life in children with bronchial asthma and quality of life in their parents. Methods: To collect empirical data we have used standardized questionnaires concerning quality of life – Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) and Paediatric Asthma Caregiver’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) and for the assessment of asthma control we have used questionnaire Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ). The results were analysed using the methods of descriptive and inductive statistics. Results: In the sample of children studied (n = 72) we have found that 27 children (37.5%) have their disease under control and 28 children (38.9%) were in the range of uncontrolled asthma. Total ACQ score (1.24±1.07) confirmed medium degree of asthma control (partially controlled asthma). Total score of PAQLQ questionnaire in children (5.34±1.16) indicates that children with asthma represent good quality of life. Bronchial asthma in children had more significant influence on activities than on emotions and incidence of symptoms. Total score of PACQLQ questionnaire in parents was 4.53 ±1.07 and we have not registered differences between domains of emotions and activities. The research has proved that degree of asthma control has statistically significant influence on the quality of life of the child and his parents, whilst the higher the quality of life of the child, the higher the quality of life of parents. Conclusion: The aim of comprehensive management of asthma therapy is to achieve the most optimal level of asthma control and thus to establish conditions for higher quality of live of the child and his parents. Making use of assessment tools to evaluate the quality of life it is possible to identify a significant impact of the disease on the everyday lives of children as well as parents., Anna Ovšonková, Iveta Plavnická, Miloš Jeseňák, and Literatura 17