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372. European declaration for a new water culture
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Slovak
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
373. Evaluating the bio-hydrological impact of a cloud forest in Central America using a semi-distributed water balance model
- Creator:
- Caballero, Luis A., Easton, Zachary M., Richards, Brian K., and Steenhuis, Tammo S.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- central america, rainfall-runoff, thornthwaite-mather, water balance model, cloud forest, and monsoonal climate
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Water scarcity poses a major threat to food security and human health in Central America and is increasingly recognized as a pressing regional issues caused primarily by deforestation and population pressure. Tools that can reliably simulate the major components of the water balance with the limited data available and needed to drive management decision and protect water supplies in this region. Four adjacent forested headwater catchments in La Tigra National Park, Honduras, ranging in size from 70 to 635 ha were instrumented and discharge measured over a one year period. A semi-distributed water balance model was developed to characterize the bio-hydrology of the four catchments, one of which is primarily cloud forest cover. The water balance model simulated daily stream discharges well, with Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency (E) values ranging from 0.67 to 0.90. Analysis of calibrated model parameters showed that despite all watersheds having similar geologic substrata, the bio-hydrological response the cloud forest indicated less plantavailable water in the root zone and greater groundwater recharge than the non cloud forest cover catchments. This resulted in watershed discharge on a per area basis four times greater from the cloud forest than the other watersheds despite only relatively minor differences in annual rainfall. These results highlight the importance of biological factors (cloud forests in this case) for sustained provision of clean, potable water, and the need to protect the cloud forest areas from destruction, particularly in the populated areas of Central America.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
374. Evaluation and validation of the ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equations for a subhumid site in northeastern Austria
- Creator:
- Nolz, Reinhard and Rodný, Marek
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- weighing lysimeter, calculations, hourly, sum-of-hourly, and daily time steps
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Employing evapotranspiration models is a widely used method to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETREF) based on weather data. Evaluating such models considering site-specific boundary conditions is recommended to interpret ETREF-calculations in a realistic and substantiated manner. Therefore, we evaluated the ASCE standardized ETREF-equations at a subhumid site in northeastern Austria. We calculated ETREF-values for hourly and daily time steps, whereof the former were processed to sum-of-hourly values. The obtained data were compared to each other and to ETvalues measured by a weighing lysimeter under reference conditions. The resulting datasets covered daily data of the years 2004 to 2011. Sum-of-hourly values correlated well (r2 = 0.978) with daily values, but an RMSE of 0.27 mm specified the differences between the calculation procedures. Comparing the calculations to lysimeter measurements revealed overestimation of small ETREF-values and underestimation of large values. The sum-of-hourly values outperformed the daily values, as r2 of the former was slightly larger and RMSE was slightly smaller. Hence, sum-of-hourly computations delivered the best estimation of ETREF for a single day. Seasonal effects were obvious, with computations and measurements being closest to each other in the summer months.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
375. Evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation in Bangladesh using Geographic information system
- Creator:
- Shahid, Shamsuddin, Chen, Xiaoyong, and Hazarika, Manzul Kumar
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Groundwater quality, irrigation, GIS, Bangladesh, kvalita podzemných vôd, závlahy, and Bangladeš
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- About 75% of water for irrigation in Bangladesh comes from groundwater. As the crop yield is directly related to quality of water used for irrigation, an assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation is essential for the growth of food production and poverty eradication. An attempt has been made in this paper to study the suitability of groundwater for irrigation in Bangladesh. Geographic information system (GIS) is used for the processing of groundwater quality data collected from 113 locations sporadically distributed over the country and the preparation of groundwater quality maps. The result shows that groundwater of the southwestern part of Bangladesh, which comprises 22.5% area of the country, is highly affected by salinity and sodium hazards. Groundwater in 10.54% area of the country is also contaminated by Arsenic above the permissible level recommended for irrigation. and Okolo 75 % vody pre závlahy v Bangladeši pochádza z podzemných vôd. Pretože úroda priamo závisí od kvality závlahovej vody, posúdenie vhodnosti vody pre závlahy je podstatné pre produkciu potravín a odstránenie chudoby. V štúdii je prezentovaný pokus o zhodnotenie vhodnosti podzemnej vody pre závlahy v Bangladeši. Na spracovanie údajov o kvalite podzemnej vody zo 113 lokalít rozmiestnených sporadicky po krajine a na prípravu máp kvality podzemnej vody sa použil geografický informačný systém (GIS). Výsledky naznačujú, že podzemná voda v juhozápadnej časti krajiny zaberajúcej 22,5 % jej plochy je silne ohrozená zasolenosťou a obsahom sodíka. Podzemná voda na ploche 10,54 % krajiny je tiež kontaminovaná obsahom arzénu nad prípustnú hranicu pre závlahovú vodu.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
376. Evaluation of reference evapotranspiration calculation methods applied to the climatic conditions of Turkey
- Creator:
- Sahin, Ustun, Angin, Ilker, and Anapali, Omer
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- reference evapotranspiration, combination methods, net radiation, aerodynamic term, climatic conditions, referenčná evapotranspirácia, kombinovaná metóda, radiačná bilancia, aerodynamický člen, and klimatické podmienky
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- This study was carried out to determine the possible use of evapotranspiration estimation (combination) methods under different climatic conditions of Turkey. Reference evapotranspiration values were calculated according to Penman (1963; Original wind function), FAO-24 Corrected Penman, Penman (Daytime wind speed), Kimberly-Penman (1972), Kimberly-Penman (1982), FAO-PPP-17, Penman (Merva-Fernandez), Penman-Monteith and Penman-Monteith (FAO) for selected 20 locations with different climatic conditions. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) assessments were analyzed according to their annually, 8 monthly (March-October) and 3 monthly (June-August) values. In all periods evaluated, almost the same significant differences (P<0.01) were found between locations and methods. High ET0 values were obtained in the locations with high wind speed and low relative humidity. Low ET0 values were observed in the locations with low daily sunshine duration. In conclusion, FAO-PPP-17, Penman (Merva-Fernandez), Penman-Monteith and Penman-Monteith (FAO) could be more efficiently used. Penman (Daytime wind speed) and FAO-24 Corrected Penman over-predicted ET0 values as compared to other methods. and Referát obsahuje výsledky výpočtu referenčnej evapotranspirácie pomocou kombinovanej metódy, aplikovanej na klimatické podmienky Turecka. Referenčná evapotranspirácia (ET0) - čo je potenciálna evapotranspirácia referenčného porastu - bola vypočítaná podľa Penmana (1963; Originálna ''vetrová'' funkcia), upravenou metódou Penmana, označenou ako FAO-24, modifikovanou metódou Penmana (bola použitá rýchlosť vetra len počas dňa), metódou Kimberly-Penman(1972), Kimberly-Penman (1982), metódou FAO-PPP-17, Penmana (podľa autorov Merva-Fernandez), Penmana-Monteitha a Penmana-Monteitha (podľa FAO). Vybrali sme 20 lokalít s rozdielnymi klimatickými podmienkami na území Turecka, ktorých klimatické charakteristiky boli použité v uvedených metódach výpočtu referenčnej evapotranspirácie. Referenčná evapotranspirácia (ET0) pre ročné, 8-mesačné (marec - október) a trojmesačné (jún - august) obdobia bola podrobená analýze, v závislosti na metóde, ktorou bola určená. Pre všetky analyzované obdobia boli nájdené skoro také isté rozdiely medzi lokalitami a metódami (P < 0,01). Vysoké hodnoty ET0 boli určené pre lokality s výskytom vysokej rýchlosti vetra a nízkej relatívnej vlhkosti vzduchu. Nízke hodnoty ET0 boli určené pre lokality s krátkym trvaním slnečného svitu. Možno zhrnúť, že niektoré metódy dávajú realistické výsledky - FAO-PPP-17, Penmanova metóda (verzia autorov Merva - Fernandez), metóda Penmana-Monteitha a Penmana-Monteitha (FAO). Metóda Penmanova (použitá rýchlosť vetra len počas dňa) a upravená metóda Penmana, označená ako FAO-24, v porovnaní s inými metódami vypočítanú referenčnú evapotranspiráciu výrazne nadhodnocujú.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
377. Evaluation of the medium-range European flood forecasts for the March-April 2006 flood in the Morava River
- Creator:
- Kalaš, Milan, Ramos, Maria-Helena, Thielen, Jutta, and Babiaková, Gabriela
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- floods, forecasting, warning, ensemble predictions, Morava River, povodne, predpovede, varovanie, ansámblové predpovede, and rieka Morava
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- From 29th March to 09th April 2006, the Morava catchment in the Danube River basin was hit by severe flooding caused by snow melting and rainfall. The floods affected settlements and agricultural lands in Slovakia, Czech Republic and Austria. In the downstream Morava, 100-year flood and more peak discharges were observed. The European Flood Alert System (EFAS), under development and running in pre-operational mode at the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, in partnership with Member States’ authorities and meteorological data providers, forecasted the event more than five days in advance. This paper investigates the performance of EFAS hydrologic forecasts for this event. Forecasts based on deterministic and probabilistic weather forecasts are presented and verified against observed data. The analysis showed that forecasts based on probabilistic weather ensembles were able to detect an earlier signal of the flood event. The lack of consistence between simulations based on different medium-range weather forecasts was the main reason for a late diffusion of EFAS forecasts to its partner in Slovakia, with an impact on the value of the forecasts as a pre-alert. The potential benefit of ensemble hydrologic forecasts to early flood warning and increased preparedness is highlighted. and V období 29. marca až 9. apríla 2006 zasiahla povodie Moravy, ktoré je súčasťou povodia Dunaja ničivá povodeň, zapríčinená prevažne topením sa snehu v kombinácii s pomerne výdatnou zrážkovou činnosťou. Povodeň spôsobila škody na obydliach a poľnohospodárskej pôde v Českej republike, Rakúsku a aj na Slovensku. V dolnej časti toku Morava bol zaznamenaný kulminačný prietok s dobou opakovania viac ako 100 rokov. Európsky povodňový varovný systém, vyvinutý a prevádzkovaný v tzv. predoperačnom režime JRC EU v spolupráci s členskými štátmi, ktoré sú aj poskytovateľmi hydrometeorologických údajov, prognózoval túto rozsiahlu povodňovú epizódu s predstihom 5 dní. Príspevok sa zameriava na skúmanie realizácie hydrologických predpovedí z EFAS systému pre uvedenú povodňovú udalosť. Predpovede vypočítané na základe deterministických a pravdepodobnostných predpovedí počasia sú verifikované pozorovanými údajmi. Analýza výsledkov ukázala, že predpovede robené na základe pravdepodobnostných ansámblových predpovedí vývoja počasia boli schopné dať signál, že sa povodňová udalosť stane, s väčším intervalom predstihu. V dôsledku nekonzistencie vyhodnocovaných predpovedí bola slovenskému partnerovi EFAS-u odoslaná oneskorene. Príspevok poukázal tiež na skutočnosť, že využitie ansámblov pre hydrologické predpovede a včasné varovanie pred nebezpečenstvom povodní umožňuje v dostatočnom predstihu zlepšiť pripravenosť na tieto udalosti.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
378. Evaluation of water quality in the river Cidlina
- Creator:
- Pivokonský, Martin, Benešová, Libuše, and Janský, Bohumír
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- surface water quality, physical-chemical and biological parameters, saprobix index, land-use, kvalita povrchové vody, fyzikálne-chemické parametry kvality vody, biologické ukazatele kvality vody, and saprobní index
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Water quality of the Cidlina river (right tributary of the Labe river was studied during two years (1997 - 1998). Besides the examination of hydrology and land use, the main resources of pollution were identified. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of water were measured in 10 profiles and water quality was evaluated according to Czech norms 75 7221 and put into the grade of purity. Pollution of upper part of river is not so bad but lower part is very polluted. High concentration of BOD5 correspond with biological parameters - alfa-mesosaprobita. At the end some tools and strategies are added to manage water more effectively. and V létech 1997 a 1998 byla sledována kvalita povrchové vody v Cidline (pravostranný přítok Labe). Kromě studia hydrologických parametrů a využívání krajiny (land use) byly zjištěny hlavní zdroje znečištění - města Jičín a Nový Bydžov. Fyzikálně-chemické a biologické charakteristiky vody byly měřeny na 10 říčních profilech a kvalita vody hodnocena podle CSN 75 7221 a zařazena do tříd čistoty. Horní část toku, méne znečištěná, náleží do III. - IV. třídy, silně znečištená dolní část do V. třídy čistoty. Zvýšené koncentraci BSK5 v celém toku odpovídá i kvalita makrozoobentosu - vetšinou α -mezosaprobita. V závěru jsou navržena opatření k zlepšení kvality vody.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
379. Evapotranspiration changes in the forest-steppe and steppe zones under soil mulching
- Creator:
- Shumova, Nadezhda
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration structure, traditional agricultural practice, and soil mulching
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- This paper contains the method and results of calculation evapotranspiration and its structure - transpiration and evaporation from traditionally tilled and mulched soil. The data considered indicate that in the arid regions of territory under study the evapotranspiration when soil is mulched does not change significantly and only the relation between the transpiration and soil evaporation changes. In the wet regions, evapotranspiration decreases when the soil is mulched which can result in a certain disturbance of the natural structure of the hydrological cycle and possible overmoistening soils.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
380. Everything for nothing
- Creator:
- Simionato, Marco
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- absolutely unrestricted quantification, empty possible world, everything, nothing, and possible worlds
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper I argue that the acceptance of an absolutely unrestricted quantification implies the existence of an absolutely empty possible world. This result could be relevant because David Lewis both admits an absolutely unrestricted quantification (for example in Parts of Classes) and rejects the existence of an absolutely empty possible world (in On the Plurality of Worlds). In order to vindicate my thesis, I propose two strategies. The first is based on the assumption that the phrase ''nothing'' cannot be always reduced to a quantifier phrase, as Graham Priest and Alex Oliver with Timothy Smiley have argued. This strategy consists in a paraphrase of the notion of everything that constrains us to admit an empty possible world. The second strategy mainly consists in the use of an ''idealistic'' principle (say «every determination is negation») and its consequences., V tomto příspěvku tvrdím, že přijetí absolutně neomezené kvantifikace znamená existenci naprosto prázdného možného světa. Tento výsledek by mohl být relevantní, protože David Lewis připouští absolutně neomezenou kvantifikaci (například v částech tříd ) a odmítá existenci absolutně prázdného možného světa (v On the Plurality of Worlds).). Abych svou diplomovou práci obhájil, navrhuji dvě strategie. První je založen na předpokladu, že výraz ,,nic'' nelze vždy omezit na kvantifikační frázi, jak argumentovali Graham Priest a Alex Oliver s Timothy Smiley. Tato strategie spočívá v parafrázi pojmu všeho, co nás nutí připustit prázdný svět. Druhá strategie spočívá především v použití ,,idealistického'' principu (řekněme ,,každé rozhodnutí je negace'') a jeho důsledků., and Marco Simionato
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public