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17542. Wesley C. Salmon versus G.W.F. Hegel on causation, principle of common cause and theoretical explanation

Creator:
Hanzel, Igor
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Salmon, Hegel, Reichenbach, causality, categories, theoretical explanation, common cause, and causal loops
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The aim of this article is to analyze the main contributions of Wesley C. Salmon to the philosophy of science, that is, his concepts of causation, common cause, and theoretical explanation, and to provide a critique of them. This critique will be based on a comparison of Salmon’s concepts with categories developed by Hegel in his Science of Logic and which can be applied to issues treated by Salmon by means of the above given three concepts. It is the author’s contention that by means of Hegelian categories it becomes possible to provide a critique of Salmon’s philosophy of science and at the same time to enlarge the concept framework of philosophy of science., Cílem tohoto článku je analyzovat hlavní přínosy Wesleyho C. Lososa k filosofii vědy, tj. K jeho příčinám, společné příčině a teoretickému vysvětlení, a poskytnout jim kritiku. Tato kritika bude založena na srovnání konceptů Salmon s kategoriemi vyvinutými Hegelem v jeho Science of Logic a které lze aplikovat na otázky ošetřené lososem pomocí výše uvedených tří pojmů. Je to autorovo tvrzení, že prostřednictvím hegelovských kategorií je možné poskytnout kritiku Salmonovy filosofie vědy a zároveň rozšířit koncepční rámec filozofie vědy., and Igor Hanzel
Rights:
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17543. West-East Doppler observation campaign WEDOC-2

Creator:
Mihály, S., Pesec, P., and Rinner, K.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
observatories, Doppler observations, and campaign WEDOC-2
Language:
Czech
Description:
In May 1980, the WEDOC-1 was carried out covering 14 simultaneous stations and establishing a first link between observatories in Western and Eastern Europe. In order to improve the results of WEDOC-1 using a better station configuration and refined software and calibration techniques a second campaign WEDOC-2 was initiated by Graz (Austria) and Penc (Hungary). The configuration comprized 27 stations in 18 countries which carried out simultaneous Doppler observations from September 6th to 16th, 1983. Four different calibration campaigns were used to estimate receiver and program biases. Station coordinates have been computed by means of the programs GEODOP in Graz and SADOSA in Budapest. and V maje 1980 g. byla osuščestvlena kampanija "WEDOC-1", v kotoruju vključilos' 14 stancij. Vpervyje osuščestvlena privjazka meždu observatorijami Zapadnoj i Vostočnoj Jevropy. Čtoby ulučšit' rezul'taty kampanii "WEDOC-1" vtoraja kampanija "WEDOC-2" byla osuščestvlena observatorijami Grac (Avstrija) i Penc (Vengrija) s ulučšennoj konfiguracijej stancij, ulučšennym obespečenijem i technikoj kalibrovki. Konfiguracija vključila 27 stancij v 18 stranach, kotoryje vypolnili sinchronnyje nabljudenija s 6 - 16 sentjabrja 1983 g. Primenili četyre raznych kampanii kalibrovki, čtoby ocenit' pograšnosti prijemnika i vyčislitelnoj programmy. Koordinaty stancij byli vyčisleny s pomošč'ju programm GEODOP v Grace i SADOSA v Budapešte.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

17546. What is (modern) logic taken to be about and what it is about

Creator:
Peregrin, Jaroslav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
logic, mathematical logic, philosophical logic, and reasoning
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Since Antiquity, logic has always enjoyed a status of something crucially important, because it shows us how to reason, if we are to reason correctly. Yet the twentieth century fostered an unprecedented boost in logical studies and delivered a wealth of results, most of which are not only not understandable by non-specialists, but their very connection with the original agenda of logic is far from clear. In this paper, I survey how the achievements of modern logic are construed by non-specialists and subject their construals to critical scrutiny. I argue that logic cannot be taken as a theory of the limits of our world and that its prima facie most plausible construal as a theory of reasoning is too unclear to be taken at face value. I argue that the viable construal of logic takes it to be explicative of the constitutive (rather than strategic) rules of reasoning, not of the rules that tell us how to reason, but rather of rules that make up the tools with which (or in terms of which) we reason., Od starověku se logika vždy těšila stavu něčeho zásadně důležitého, protože nám ukazuje, jak rozumět, pokud máme správně rozumět. Dvacáté století však podpořilo bezprecedentní oživení v logických studiích a přineslo mnoho výsledků, z nichž většina není nejen srozumitelná pro nešpecializované odborníky, ale jejich samotné spojení s původní logikou logiky není zdaleka jasné. V tomto příspěvku zkoumám, jak jsou úspěchy moderní logiky konstruovány nešpecializovanými odborníky a podřizují jejich konstrukty kritické kontrole. Domnívám se, že logiku nelze považovat za teorii hranic našeho světa a její prima facienejspolehlivější konstrukční jako teorie uvažování je příliš nejasná, aby mohla být přijata v nominální hodnotě. Domnívám se, že životaschopná konstrukce logiky má za to, že je vysvětlující konstitutivní (spíše než strategická) pravidla uvažování, nikoli pravidla, která nám říkají, jak rozumět, ale spíše pravidla, která tvoří nástroje, s nimiž (nebo v podmínky) rozumíme., and Jaroslav Peregrin
Rights:
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17548. What is the IMF of faint stars?

Creator:
Piskunov, A. E. and Malkov, O. Yu.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
astrophysics, initial main function (IMF), and lucal luminosity function (LF)
Language:
Czech
Description:
A number of effects which can affect the low-mass IMF derived from the local luminosity function is studied. We consider an influence of unresolved binairies, variations in fine structure of mass-luminosity relation, BC-scale, chemical composition, and evolution of brown dwarfs. The mass-luminosity relation is found to be the main factor defining the IMF. As analysis shows, different theoretical relations calculated for Pop I composition result in different IMFs /from a power law, to a lognormal one/. The presence at faintest magnitudes /Mν > 20^m/ of a large number of brown dwarfs, slowly evolving with decreasing luminosity, leads to the depletion of the luminosity function for both lognormal and power IMFs.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

17550. What is the role of subcutaneous single injections on the behavior of adult male rats exposed to drugs?

Creator:
Šlamberová, R., Nohejlová, K., Ochozková, A., and Mihalčíková, L.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
amphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, THC, behavior, LABORAS test • Injection, and injection
Language:
English
Description:
Psychostimulants, as well as cannabinoids, have been shown to significantly affect a great variety of behaviors in both humans and laboratory animals. Our previous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the application of the vehicle for psychostimulants, i.e. saline, to control groups, generated different behavioral test results compared to absolute naïve controls (i.e. without any injection). Therefore, our present study has set three goals: (1) to evaluate the effect of three different psychostimulant drugs, (2) to evaluate the effect of three doses of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and (3) to evaluate the effect of saline and ethanol injections vs sham injections and no injection on spontaneous behavior of adult male rats. The LABORAS test (Metris B.V., Netherlands) was used to examine spontaneous locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in an unknown environment over 1 h. In Experiment 1, psychostimulant drugs were tested: single subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of amphetamine (5 mg/kg), cocaine (5 mg/kg), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (5 mg/kg) were applied prior to testing. Control animals received the same volume (1 ml/kg) of s.c. saline. In Experiment 2, the effect of three doses of THC (1, 2, and 5 mg/kg, s.c.) were examined. An s.c. injection of vehicle (ethanol) was used as a control. In Experiment 3, injections of saline and ethanol were compared to the group receiving a sham s.c. injection and to a group of absolute “naïve” controls. Our results demonstrated that (1) all psychostimulants increased locomotion time, distance traveled, and speed while decreasing immobility time of adult male rats relative to saline controls. The most prominent effect was associated with MDMA; (2) The effect of THC was dosedependent and was most apparent within the first 10 min of the LABORAS test. (3) With regard to the effect of injection: absolute controls (without injection) compared to animals injected with ethanol, saline, or sham-injected displayed reduced immobility time, traveled longer distances, and had increased speed. In conclusion, our data showed drug dependent behavioral changes in adult male rats after application of psychostimulants and cannabinoids. Our findings also suggest that not only drugs but the actual single injection per se also affects the behavior of laboratory animals in an unknown environment. This effect seems to be associated with the acute stress associated with the injection.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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