The Chinese writing system is distinguished by a three-level graphic structure. The lowest unit is a stroke, the highest a whole character. The structure unit between these two levels might possess a relatively complicated arrangement which could be analyzed from different points of view. With regard to this possibility, different terms could be used to express the specific approaches. However, the Chinese grammatologists are not quite of one mind in the usage of these terms. The aim of this article is to point out the diversity of possible approaches that could be used while analyzing the complex arrangement of the graphic level between stroke and character. The concepts of Su Peicheng, Wang Ning, Pan Jun and Yang Runlu will be presented. Their attitudes provide a representative sample of the standpoint of modern grammatology., Tereza Slaměníková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This study attempts to analyse the basic tendency of the Austrian state to regulate and control the move of inhabitants. After fading of population theories that saw state wealth in the population growth, therefore supporting immigration, the period of the Napoleonic wars came that became catalyser of a rapid legal development in the field of immigration. Entirely unprepared Austria specialised its basic strategies in respect of foreigners and of the population move control. The attitude of the state to foreigners determines their "utility for the state", which finally results in the establishment of categories of foreigners: privileged, facultative, and undesirable. Applying practical examples, the study specifies such classification of foreigners and of their destinies within the Austrian state. The privileged: The Netherlands textile specialists in the fine cloth factory in Náměšť near Brno; Turkish merchants and subjects of the High Porte of the Jewish religion; the facultative: the Netherlands state officers who, due to their loyalty to Austria, had to leave their homeland after the occupation of the Austrian Netherlands (later Belgium) by the French Republic; the undesirable: The French who were potentially suspected of propagation of revolution ideas or of espionage; here examples of the high French nobility have been specified, i.e. of the de Bombelles family and of dismissed highranking officers of the elite Prince de Condé Regiment (then in active service of Russia)., Zdeňka Stoklásková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Bloody Whitsuntide in the middle of June 1848 is perceived as a milestone in revolutionary years of 1848-1849. In the face of former Marxist glorification of „barricade heroes“, contemporary historiography considers this event as tragic moment that did not aid Czech national politics. and Roman Vondra.
Recenzent představuje monografii jako výsledek dlouhodobého, všestranného a téměř vyčerpávajícího pramenného výzkumu, který je monumentální svým obsahem i rozsahem. Autor se soustředí na subkulturu české mládeže spjaté s jazzovou (swingovou) hudbou v době Protektorátu Čechy a Morava (1939-1945), na její život, zvyky, styl oblékání, mluvu a vztah k okupačnímu režimu i na poměr nacistických a protektorátních institucí k této mládeži a k hudbě, kterou vyznávala. Své téma přitom zasazuje do širokých historických, společenských, politických a kulturních souvislostí, když například erudovaně a poutavě líčí vývoj a šíření jazzových tanců, vznik a působení podobných subkultur mládeže v západní Evropě a Spojených státech nebo přežívání jazzu a jeho fanoušků v nacistické třetí říši. Důkladně pojednává o kritice jazzu a jeho vyznavačů v protektorátu i o represích proti nim, inspirativně uvažuje o vztahu jazzové hudby a svobody a jeho výklady oplývají bohatou faktografií. Recenzent by osobně uvítal jen přehlednější podání některých pasáží a větší pozornost věnovanou samotné jazzové hudbě., The reviewer presents the monograph Swing fans and zoot suiters in the Protectorate night: Czech swing kids and their bitter world as the outcome of long-term, comprehensive, and almost exhaustive research of sources, impressive in both its content and its scope. The author concentrates on the Czech youth subculture associated with jazz (swing) music at the time of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945), their lifestyle, habits, fashion, speech, and attitude to the occupation regime, as well as the attitude of Nazi and Protectorate authorities to them and to the music they professed. He sets the topic into a broad historical, social, political, and cultural context, for example when describing in an erudite and gripping manner the evolution and propagation of jazz dances, formation and existence of similar youth subcultures in Western Europe and United States, or the survival of jazz and its fans in the Nazi Third Reich. The author covers in depth the criticism aimed at jazz and its fans in the Protecorate and repressions against them, analyzes the relationship between jazz music and freedom in an inspiring manner, and his interpretations and explanations abound with facts. The reviewer would personally welcome only a better arrangement of some parts and more attention paid to jazz music as such., [autor recenze] Vít Hloušek., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy