Let $S$ and $R$ be two associative rings, let $ _{S}C_{R}$ be a semidualizing $(S,R)$-bimodule. We introduce and investigate properties of the totally reflexive module with respect to $_{S}C_{R}$ and we give a characterization of the class of the totally $C_{R}$-reflexive modules over any ring $R$. Moreover, we show that the totally $C_{R}$-reflexive module with finite projective dimension is exactly the finitely generated projective right $R$-module. We then study the relations between the class of totally reflexive modules and the Bass class with respect to a semidualizing bimodule. The paper contains several results which are new in the commutative Noetherian setting.
This article examines three memoirs by survivors of the Terezín (in German, Theresienstadt) ghetto, and especially their testimony about the cultural life of the ghetto, in the context of postwar reintegration. All Czech‑Jewish survivors of the concentration camps returned to a society very different from the prewar Czechoslovakia they remembered. Many found themselves struggling to adapt to the complete rejection of German‑language culture, the shift to the political left, and postwar anti‑S emitism. The authors of these three memoirs were all over sixty years of age, were all bilingual, and before the war had served as ambassadors between Czech‑ and German‑language culture. In their postwar memoirs, published in Czech, they employed their descriptions of the cultural life of the ghetto as a reintegration technique. That is, by describing their intense love of the specifically Czech works performed in Terezín, they attempted to establish common ground with their non‑Jewish fellow Czechs and overcome the suspicion engendered by their prewar association with German‑language culture.
In the current philosophical literature, determinism is rarely defined explicitly. This paper attempts to show that there are in fact many forms of determinism, most of which are familiar, and that these can be differentiated according to their particular components. Recognizing the composite character of determinism is thus central to demarcating its various forms. and V současné filozofické literatuře je determinismus zřídka výslovně definován. Tento dokument se snaží ukázat, že ve skutečnosti existuje mnoho forem determinismu, z nichž většina je známá, a že tyto mohou být diferencovány podle jejich jednotlivých složek. Rozpoznání kompozitního charakteru determinismu je tak zásadní pro vymezení jeho různých forem.
In this article, we propose an automated construction of knowledge based artificial neural networks (KBANN) for the recognition of restricted sets of handwritten words or characters. The features that better describe the chosen vocabulary are first selected, according to the characteristics of the used script, language and lexicon. Then, ideal samples of lexicon elements (words or characters) are submitted to a feature extraction module to derive their description using the chosen primitives. The analysis of these descriptions generates a symbolic knowledge base reflecting a hierarchical classification of the words (or characters). The rules are then translated into a multilayer neural network by determining precisely its architecture and initializing its connections with specific values. This construction approach reduces the training stage, which enables the network to reach its final topology and to generalize. The proposed method has been tested on the automated construction of neuro-symbolic classifiers for two Arabic word lexicons.