Our previous research was devoted to the problem of determining the primitive periods of the sequences (Gn mod p t )∞ n=1 where (Gn)∞ n=1 is a Tribonacci sequence defined by an arbitrary triple of integers. The solution to this problem was found for the case of powers of an arbitrary prime p ≠ 2, 11. In this paper, which could be seen as a completion of our preceding investigation, we find solution for the case of singular primes p = 2, 11.
Our research was inspired by the relations between the primitive periods of sequences obtained by reducing Tribonacci sequence by a given prime modulus p and by its powers p t , which were deduced by M. E. Waddill. In this paper we derive similar results for the case of a Tribonacci sequence that starts with an arbitrary triple of integers.
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of multifunctional enzymes involved in cellular detoxification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of albendazole - drug of choice for trichinellosis - on the total activity and kinetics of cytosolic GST in the mouse intestines during experimental trichinellosis. Our results showed a statistically significant decrease in the total GST activity both in the small and large intestines of the mice infected with the nematode Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) and treated with albendazole, compared with the control mice that were infected but untreated with the drug. Furthermore, albendazole administration modified the kinetics of substrate saturation of GST in the intestines of the infected mice because the drug caused changes in Michaelis constant values of this enzyme. Based on our observations, we suggest that the quaternary structure of GST from the mouse intestines is impacted by this drug during trichinellosis.
During parasitological surveys in the Okavango Delta and Panhandle in Botswana, two species of climbing perches belonging to the family Anabantidae were investigated for ectoparasites. The fishes were the blackspot climbing perch, Microctenopoma intermedium (Pellegrin) and the manyspined climbing perch, Ctenopoma multispine Peters. Five trichodinid species were found from the skin, fins and gills of these anabantids. One is a known species, i.e., Trichodina microspina Van As et Basson, 1992, for which a comparative description is provided. Four other species are described as new species using silver impregnation, i.e., Trichodina labyrinthipiscis sp. n., Trichodina anabantidarum sp. n., Tripartiella microctenopomae sp. n., and Tripartiella ctenopomae sp. n.
During surveys of parasites of the whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest) and the mullet Mugil platanus Günther from Samborombón Bay, Argentina, Trichodina puytoraci, T. lepsii, T. jadranica, T. murmanica, Diparitella simplex and Trichodina scalensis sp. n. were morphologically studied. Taxonomic and morphometric data for these trichodinids based on dry silver nitrate-impregnated specimens are presented. This study is the first formal report of these trichodinids from the southwest Atlantic Ocean, and the description of a new species from M. platanus.
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumour of soft tissues, occurring mainly in children and young adults. RMS cells derive from muscle cells, which due to mutations and epigenetic
modifications have lost their ability to differentiate. Epigenetic modifications regulate expression of genes responsible for cell proliferation, maturation, differentiation and apoptosis. HDAC inhibitors suppress histone acetylation; therefore, they are a promising tool used in cancer therapy. Trichostatin A (TsA) is a
pan-inhibitor of HDAC. In our study, we investigated the effect of TsA on RMS cell biology. Our findings strongly suggest that TsA inhibits RMS cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, and reactivates tumour cell differentiation. TsA up-regulates miR-27b expression, which is involved in the process of myogenesis. Moreover, TsA increases susceptibility of RMS cells to routinely used chemotherapeutics. In conclusion, TsA exhibits anti-cancer properties, triggers differentiation, and thereby can complement an existing spectrum of chemotherapeutics used in RMS therapy. and Corresponding author: Maciej Tarnowski
Experimental infection of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) with the monogenean Discocotyle sagittata (Leuckart, 1842) allowed comparison between trickle and single exposure, two infection modes demonstrated to occur in the wild. Both types of infection resulted in mean larval attachment success around 50%, which was significantly dependent on dose of infective larvae used (P < 0.0001), but was not affected by mode of infection (P = 0.244). Worms recovered from fish exposed to the same number of oncomiracidia but different mode of infection differed in their rate of development. The developmental stage attained by parasites was significantly affected by number of infective larvae used (P = 0.005), and by the interaction between dose and mode of infection (P = 0.026), suggesting competition among attached larvae. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in the early stages of infestation, worm distribution over the gill arches can be explained by the relative amount of water flowing over them. One, two and three months post-infection parasite numbers were comparable (P = 0.805), but their observed distribution gradually decreased in gill arches III and IV and increased in gill arch I, suggesting that parasites migrate after initial attachment. These results reproduce phenomena observed in the field, indicating that the experimental infection system could be employed to study infection dynamics and host-parasite interactions under controlled conditions.
It is argued that the terms class, property, concept are exactly distinguishable and that defining this distinction helps to avoiding frequently occurring misunderstandings. Classes are extensions, properties are intensions and concepts are abstract procedures, i.e., hyperintensions. Realizing these distinctions we fulfill Gödel´s requirement to make the meaning of the terms ''class'' and ''concept'' clearer and to set up a consistent theory of classes and concepts as objectively existing entities. and Pavel Materna