Many real-world systems contain uncertainties and with time-varying delays, also, they have become larger and more complicated. Hence, a new decentralized variable structure control law is proposed for a class of uncertain large-scale system with time varying delay in the interconnection and time varying unmatched uncertainties in the state matrix. The proposed decentralized control law for the large-scale time-varying delay system is realized independently through the delayed terms and it can drive the trajectories of the investigated systems onto the sliding mode. Further, the proposed control law can be successfully applied to stabilize a class of uncertain large-scale time-varying delay system with matched and unmatched uncertainties. The so-called sliding coefficient matching condition can be extended for the decentralized variable structure control of the uncertain large-scale time-varying delay systems. Furthermore, in the sliding mode, the investigated system with matched and unmatched uncertainties still bears the insensitivity to the uncertainties and disturbances, which is the same as the systems with just matched uncertainties do. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the validity of the proposed decentralized variable structure control law. It has been shown that the proposed decentralized control law is effective for all subsystems of the investigated system. However, the traditional decentralized variable structure control law is not applicable to the investigated system with unmatched uncertainties. It is worth noting that the traditional large-scale system is only a special case in this work.
This paper deals with output regulation of a class of large-scale nonlinear systems with delays. Each of the subsystems is in the output feedback form, with nonlinear functions of the subsystem output and the outputs of other subsystems. The system outputs are subject to unknown constant delays. Both the system dynamics and the measurements are subject to unknown disturbances generated from unknown linear exosystems. Decentralized control design approach is adopted to design local controllers using measurements or regulated errors in each subsystems. It is shown in this paper that delays in the outputs of subsystems do not affect the existence of desired feedforward control input, and the invariant manifolds and the desired feedforward inputs always exist if the nonlinear functions are polynomials. Through a special parameterization of an augmented exosystem, an internal model can be designed for each subsystem, without the involvements of the uncertain parameters. The uncertain parameters affected by the uncertainty of the exosystem are estimated using adaptive control laws, and adaptive coefficients in the control inputs are used to suppress other uncertainties. The proposed decentralized adaptive control strategy ensures the global stability of the entire system, and the convergence to zero of the regulated errors. An example is included to demonstrate the proposed control strategy.
The problem of the decentralized robust tracking and model following is considered for a class of uncertain large scale systems including time-varying delays in the interconnections. On the basis of the Razumikhin-type theorem and the Lyapunov stability theory, a class of decentralized memoryless local state feedback controllers is proposed for robust tracking of dynamical signals. It is shown that by employing the proposed decentralized robust tracking controllers, one can guarantee that the tracking error between each time-delay subsystem and the corresponding local reference model without time-delay decreases uniformly asymptotically to zero. In this paper, it is assumed that the time-varying delays are any continuous and bounded nonnegative functions, and the proposed decentralized robust tracking controllers are independent of the delays. Therefore, the results obtained in the paper are applicable to large scale systems without exact knowledge of the delays, i. e. large systems with perturbed delays.
A decentralized structural controller design approach for discrete-event systems modelled by Petri nets is presented. The approach makes use of overlapping decompositions. The given Petri net model is first overlappingly decomposed into a number of Petri subnets and is expanded to obtain disjoint Petri subnets. A structural controller is then designed for each Petri subnet to avoid deadlock. The obtained controllers are finally applied to the original Petri net. The proposed approach significantly reduces the computational burden to design the controller. Furthermore, the controller obtained is decentralized and, hence, is easier to implement.
We use relations between undirected graphs and conditional independence to introduce a new class of graphical representations, expected utility networks with hoth discrete and continuous variables and discuss some of their structural properties. We want to show that in these networks node separation with respect to the probability and utility subgraphs implies conditional utility independence, and conditional independent decisions can be effectively decentralized. An application to decision making in expected utility networks in mixed models is introduced.
The notion and theory of statistical decision functions are re-considered and modified to the case when the uncertainties in question are quantified and processed using lattice-valued possibilistic measures, so emphasizing rather the qualitative than the quantitative properties of the resulting possibilistic decision functions. Possibilistic variants of both the minimax (the worst-case) and the Bayesian optimization principles are introduced and analyzed.
V olomoucké vědecké knihovně je uchováván konvolut čtyř prvotisků, z nichž jeden obsahuje rukopisnou stránku s textem Declaratio brevis Corone immaculate Virginis. Jde o text, který obsahem zapadá do obecných trendů zbožnosti 15. století ve střední Evropě. Pozdní středověk se vyznačoval zvýšenou spiritualitou a důrazem na tradiční
objekty lidové zbožnosti – především Pannu Marii a život Krista. Tyto tendence nemalou měrou podpořily i žebravé řády. Byli to dominikáni i minorité (a později především františkáni-observanti), díky jejichž vlivu se rozšířila mariánská zbožnost, a především její vyjádření
v podobě růžence. Nejrozšířenější byl růženec dominikánský, který obsahoval sto padesát Zdrávas Maria, ale rozšířily se i jiné verze. Mezi františkány v 15. století byla populární především verze, kterou prosazovali především sv. Bernardin Sienský a sv. Jan Kapistrán, a to verze odvolávající se počtem andělských pozdravení na dobu života Panny Marie na zemi: tento růženec obsahoval šedesát tři
(nebo 70, 72, 73) Zdrávas Maria. Františkáni také přinášeli nejnovější evropské trendy do českých zemí po ukončení husitské revoluce; ovšem především na Moravu a do Slezska, kteréžto země byly méně utrakvistické než Čechy. Morava, Slezsko a Lužice se vymanily z mezinárodní izolace mnohem dříve než Čechy. K postupu
evropských vlivů došlo nejen díky katolickým městům, ale také v důsledku záboru Matyáše Korvína a spojení těchto zemí s jeho uherským královstvím. Korvín navštívil v roce 1468 Olomouc a při té příležitosti byl vysvěcen kostel Neposkvrněného Početí Panny Marie u františkánského konventu. Nástěnná malba z roku 1500 v tomto kostele zobrazuje Korunování Panny Marie spolu se dvěma řadami
vyobrazení, jejichž tematikou je sedm radostí Panny Marie a sedm vylití Krve Kristovy. Podobný obraz se zachoval ve františkánském kostele ve Vratislavi, který ovšem dodává dalších pět řad s dalšími vyobrazeními. Přesto jsou tyto obrazy typologicky podobné a jejich
rozšíření připomíná právě obecné trendy zbožnosti na konci středověku, i když můžeme nalézt zcela konkrétní styčné body mezi františkány v Olomouci a ve Vratislavi (biskup a františkán Jan Filipec). Text, vydaný v příloze, popisuje obraz, jenž téměř do detailu odpovídá olomouckému zobrazení (jen na obrazu je sedmdesát
tři korálků, kdežto v textu je zaznamenáno třiašedesát let Panny Marie). Tento text vysvětluje, jak se má obraz vnímat a vykládat z hlediska lidové zbožnosti. Dokládá, že takové obrazy byly zřejmě ještě více rozšířeny, a dokonce využívány, jak je vidět i z přiloženého seznamu odpustků poskytovaných věřícím modlícím se modlitbu
„koruny Panny Marie“. and A set of four incunabula is deposited in the Research Library of Olomouc. One of them contains a handwritten page with the text Declaratio brevis Corone immaculate Virginis. In terms of its content, this text conforms to general religious trends in the 15th century in Central Europe. The late Middle Ages were characterised by a heightened spirituality and an emphasis on traditional objects of popular piety—first and foremost the Virgin Mary and the life of Christ. To a considerable degree, these trends were also supported by the mendicant orders. Marian piety and its expression in the rosary were spread through the influence of the Dominicans and the Minorites (and later the Franciscan-Observants). The Dominican rosary, which included 150 ‘Hail Marys’, was the most widespread, but other versions were also popular. Among the Franciscans of the 15th century, the most popular version was the one that was allegedly promoted by St Bernardino of Siena and St Giovanni of
Capistrano. In this version, the number of angelic salutations referred to the lifespan of the Virgin Mary on earth: this rosary included 63 (or 70, 72, 73) ‘Hail Marys’. After the end of the Hussite revolution, the Franciscans also introduced the latest European trends to the Czech
lands, in particular Moravia and Silesia. In these lands, the Utraquist influence was less pronounced than in Bohemia. Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia extricated themselves from international isolation much sooner than did Bohemia. European influences increased on account of the Catholic cities, as well as the conquest of Matthias Corvinus and the joining of these lands to his Hungarian Kingdom. In 1468, Corvinus visited Olomouc and on that occasion the Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary at the Franciscan monastery was consecrated. The wall painting from 1500 in this
church depicts the Coronation of the Virgin Mary, along with two rows of depictions on the theme of the seven joys of the Virgin Mary and the seven effusions of the blood of Christ. A similar painting has been preserved in the Franciscan church in Wrocław, which includes a further five rows with other depictions. Nonetheless, these paintings are typologically similar. The fact that the paintings were widespread recalls the general trends of piety at the end of the Middle Ages, although one can find specific points in common between the Franciscans in Olomouc and in Wrocław (the Bishop and Franciscan
Jan Filipec). The text, which is published as an addendum, describes a painting, which corresponds in detail to the depiction in Olomouc (except that in the painting there are 73 beads, whereas in the text there is mention of the 63 years of the Virgin Mary). This text explains how the painting should be perceived and interpreted from the perspective of popular piety. It demonstrates that such paintings were clearly even more widespread and in use, as one can see from the attached list of indulgences offered to the faithful who prayed the prayer of ‘the crown of the Virgin Mary’.
Field studies were conducted to investigate ontogenic changes in leaf photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure of a single cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf subtending the fruit. A 20-d old leaf was the most physiologically active with net photosynthetic rate (PN) of 16.5 μmol m-2 s-1 and nitrogen (N) concentration of 168 mmol m-2. These values declined with leaf age and a close relationship existed between them. Concurrent with declines in PN, ultrastructural alterations occurred in the chloroplast: the 20-d old leaf had increased grana number and thylakoids per granum and a few plastoglobuli. Afterwards, the grana number and thylakoids per granum declined with leaf age indicating disintegrated grana and stroma lamellae. Concomitant with disintegrated membrane system was the presence of numerous large plastoglobuli. The PN was closely related to grana number and thylakoids per granum suggesting that the decline in PN with leaf age was associated with ultrastructural changes in the chloroplast. and Bhaskar Rao Bondada, D. M. Oosterhuis.
In canopy shade leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Moscato giallo) grown in the field the contents of chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids (Car), and soluble protein per fresh mass were lower than in sun leaves. RuBPC activity, in vivo nitrate reductase activity (indicator of nitrate utilisation), apparent electron transport rate, and photochemical fluorescence quenching were also significantly reduced in canopy shade leaves. When various photosynthetic activities were followed in isolated thylakoids, canopy shade leaves exerted a marked inhibition of whole chain and photosystem (PS) 2 activity. Smaller inhibition of PS1 activity was observed even in high-level canopy shade (HS) leaves. The artificial exogenous electron donors, DPC and NH2OH, significantly restored the loss of PS2 activity in HS leaves. Similar results were obtained when Fv/Fm was evaluated by Chl fluorescence measurements. The marked loss of PS2 activity in canopy shade leaves was due to the loss of 47, 43, 33, 28-25, 23, 17, and 10 kDa polypeptides. and M. Bertamini, N. Nedunchezhian.