Problematika metabolismu a úhrady stopových prvků u nemocných v kritických stavech se výrazně liší od jejich metabolismu a potřeby za podmínek fyziologických nebo při onemocněních méně závažných. Kriticky nemocní mohou ztrácet v běžné praxi neměřitelná množství těchto prvků sekrety ze sond, drénů, píštělí, krvácením a odběry krve. Naopak neměřitelná množství přijímají díky kontaminaci infuzí nebo formou příměsí do roztoků parenterální výživy a v albuminu i transfuzemi. Stopové prvky mají klíčový význam pro zmírnění oxidačního stresu. V souvislosti s kritickými stavy jsou nejčastěji diskutovány zinek, železo, měď a selen. V první části našeho sdělení je pozornost věnována zinku a železu. U obou těchto prvků dochází díky interleukinům v reakci na trauma a infekci k redistribuci z plazmy do tkání. Je to chápáno jako snaha odstranit z oběhu elementy, které by podporovaly mikrobiální růst. Vzhledem k významu zinku pro proteosyntézu a železa pro erytropoézu došlo v řadě klinických pokusů ke snahám tyto prvky suplementovat. Nicméně dodnes končí jak práce experimentální, tak studie klinické i přehledy problematiky varováním před jejich zvýšenou suplementací kriticky nemocným. V práci jsou popsány i komplikace nadměrného přívodu obou prvků až intoxikace, které mohou být samy příčinami kritických stavů., The problems of trace elements (TE) metabolism and of their supplementation in critically ill patients are different from metabolism and optimal daily intake under physiological conditions or during less dangerous diseases. Critically ill patients may to lose unmeasurable amount of these elements by gastric suction, by drain or fistula content, by bleeding or blood sampling. On the other side they receive unmeasurable amounts of TE thanks to contamination of infusions, solutions of parenteral nutrition or through the transfusions or supplementation of albumin. TE have the key significance for the alleviation of the oxidative stress. With regard to critical states most often are discussed zinc, iron, copper and selenium. Part 1. of our paper is dedicated to zinc and iron. Thanks to interleukins, in reaction to trauma and infection these TE are redistributed from plasma into tissues. This is comprehended as efforts to eliminate from the circulation elements supporting the microbial growth. With respect to the significance of zinc for the synthesis of proteins and of iron for the erythropoiesis more clinical trials were realized with supplementation of these TE in higher amounts as generally recommended. Nevertheless till today the experimental, as well as clinical, studies and reviews are often finished with warning before high dosing in critical states. In the paper are also discussed the complications of abundant intake of both TE. The toxic effects of zinc and iron overdose, which can cause a critical condition per se, are mentioned., Kazda A., Brodská H., and Literatura
Druhá část sdělení o problematice stopových prvků v kritických stavech je věnována mědi a selenu. Kuprémie po krátkém poklesu po traumatu stejně jako u systémové infekce stoupá. Ceruloplasmin, na který je v plazmě vázána, je reaktantem akutní fáze. Deficit mědi vyžadující úhradu vzniká při rozsáhlých popálených plochách, ztrátách sekretů zažívacího traktu a negativní bilanci při hemodialýze. Protože je měď nezbytná pro utilizaci železa při tvorbě transferinu a hemoglobinu, vede její nedostatek k hypochromní anémii. Je uvedeno doporučené dávkování mědi při výše uvedených ztrátách. Selen má řadu funkcí významných pro přežití kritických stavů, mezi které patří ochrana před organickými peroxidy, přeměna tyroxinu v aktivní trijodtyronin, zlepšení odpovědí na glukokortikoidy, kontrola glykémie, inhibice adhezních molekul a vliv na funkci T lymfocytů. Selenémie je při systémovém zánětu snížená a s tíží stavu (např. s rozvojem sepse) progresivně dále klesá. Práce referuje o řadě klinických pokusů se suplementací různě vysokých dávek selenu, podávaných maximálně po dobu dvou týdnů. Mortalita významně klesla zatím v jen jednom rozsáhlém klinickém pokusu, mezi dalšími jednotlivě uváděnými pozitivními výsledky jsou např. zlepšení skóre víceorgánové dysfunkce (SOFA), úprava nízkých hodnot cholesterolu, prealbuminu, glutathionperoxidázy, pokles C-reaktivního proteinu. Jsou diskutovány optimální terapeutické dávky. Pro měď i selen jsou uvedeny i toxické projevy předávkování, které se samy mohou stát příčinou kritických stavů., The second part of the communication on the issue of trace elements in critically ill patients is devoted to copper and selenium. After a short decrease in trauma, as well as in systemic inflammation, plasmatic level of copper increases. The copper is bound on ceruloplasmin, which is an acute phase reactant. Copper deficiency requiring substitution occurs in extensive burns, losses from the gastrointestinal tract or in negative balance during haemodialysis. Copper is necessary for the utilization of iron in the formation of haemoglobin and transferrin and therefore the insufficient level results to hypochromic anaemia. The authors present the recommended doses for copper supplementation in the aforementioned losses. Selenium possesses a number of functions important for the surviving of critical illness, including protection from the organic peroxides, the conversion of thyroxine to active triiodothyronine, improvement in response to glucocorticoids, glycaemic control, inhibition of adhesion molecules and the effect on the function of T-lymphocytes. The level of selenium is reduced in systemic inflammation and it falls progressively depending on the severity of condition (e.g. sepsis). The article reports a number of clinical trials with different regimens of supplementation with high doses of selenium, administered for maximal period of two weeks. The mortality rate has dropped significantly so far in one large clinical trial only. Some other trial have reported positive results in some outcomes: SOFA score improvement in patients with multiple organ dysfunctions, elevation of previously low cholesterol, praealbumin and glutathione peroxidase levels, and reduction in C-reactive protein values. The optimal therapeutic doses are discussed in detail. The toxic effects of copper and selenium overdose, which can cause a critical condition per se, are mentioned., Brodská H., Kazda A., Valenta J., and Literatura
Cieľ: Cieľom výskumu bolo popísať stravovací reţim adolescentov v maturitnom ročníku. Metodika: Na zber empirických údajov bola pouţitá metóda dotazníka. Súbor respondentov tvorilo 110 študentov zo stredných škôl v okrese Čadca v Ţilinskom kraji (Slovenská republika). Výsledky: Z výsledkov nášho výskumu vyplýva, ţe adolescentní respondenti majú nepravidelný stravovací reţim. Pravidelné jedenie hlavných denných jedál za časový úsek 7 dní sme zaznamenali u nízkeho percenta z nich, denne 22 % raňajkovalo, 52 % obedovalo a 38 % večeralo. 91 % z nich desiatovalo. Najčastejšie obedovali v popoludňajších hodinách a večerali po 20. hodine. Viac ako štvrtina uviedla dennú konzumáciu sladkostí a ovocia. 35 % uviedlo príjem tekutín za deň v rozmedzí od 0,5-1 litra, najčastejšie pili čaj, neochutenú minerálnu vodu a sladené kolové nápoje. Záver: Stravovací reţim v období adolescencie má vplyv na telesné a duševné zdravie adolescenta. Nepravidelné jedenie hlavných denných jedál, vynechávanie desiaty, nedostatočný príjem tekutín a ovocia v priebehu dňa, nadmerná konzumácia sladkostí spolu so sedavým spôsobom ţivota patria medzi hlavné charakteristiky nezdravého ţivotného štýlu nielen v uvedenej vekovej kategórii. Z uvedeného dôvodu je potrebné realizovať intervencie v rámci prevencie nesprávnych stravovacích návykov, ako napr. edukáciu, ktorú má v kompetencii realizovať aj sestra., Aim: The purpose of the presented study was to identify dietary habits of adolescents in the last year of secondary schools. Methods: A questionnaire was used to collect empirical data. The sample comprised 110 adolescent respondents from two secondary schools in the Čadca District (Ţilina Region, Slovak Republic). Results: The results suggest that adolescents have irregular eating patterns. Over a period of 7 days, only a small percentage of students ate regular meals, with 22% having breakfast, 52% having lunch and 38% having dinner. Ninety-one percent of them had snacks. Most frequently, they had lunch in the afternoon and dinner after 8 p.m. More than a quarter of students ate sweets and fruit every day. In a total of 35% of adolescents, the daily fluid intake was between 0.5 and 1 liter of mostly tea, unflavored mineral water and sweetened cola drinks. Conclusion: Adolescents’ dietary habits have an impact on their physical and mental health. Irregular meals, not eating snacks, insufficient fluid and fruit intake during the day, excessive sweet consumption along with a sedentary lifestyle are characteristic for not only this age group. This is a reason for interventions to prevent unhealthy eating habits, e.g. through education which may be provided by nurses as well., and Miroslava Potočiarová, Michaela Miertová
AIMS: Authors studied potential side effects of fetal calf serum (FCS) in cultivation media on human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) during long-term cultivation. METHODS: Two lines of DPSC obtained healthy donors (male 22 years, female 23 years) were used. Both lines were cultivated under standard cultivation conditions in four different media containing 10% or 2% FCS and substituted with growth factors. During long-term cultivation proliferation ability, karyotype and phenotype of DPSC were measured. RESULTS: Both lines of DPSC cultivated in a media containing 2% FCS and ITS supplement showed the highest number of population doublings. On the other hand the proliferation rate of DPSC cultivated in a media with 2% FCS without ITS supplement was slowest. Proliferation rate of DPSC cultivated in 10% FCS media with or without FGF-2 was comparable. DPSC cultivated in a media with 10% FCS showed a significantly higher amount of chromosomal aberrations. These chromosomal aberrations do not seem to be clonal but surprisingly we found large amounts of tetraploid cells in the 9th passage in both media containing 10% FCS. CONCLUSIONS: Our study proved that cultivation of DPSC in media containing higher concentration of FCS has critical side effects on cell chromosomal stability. and J. Suchánek, TS. Kleplová, M. Kapitán, T. Soukup
Cíl: Cílem studie je stanovit prevalenci chronického selhání ledvin u 101 pacientů s monoklonální gamapatií neurčeného významu (MGUS). Typ studie: retrospektivní studie. Materiál a metody: Porovnali jsme glomerulární filtraci odhadovanou ze sérového kreatininu a cystatinu C a hodnotili jsme korelaci mezi koncentrací volných lehkých řetězců v séru a funkcí ledvin. U všech pacientů jsme provedli elektroforézu pro - teinů séra s denzitometrickou kvantifikací monoklonálního imunoglobulinu a změřili jsme koncentraci kreatininu, cystatinu C, volných lehkých řetězců kappa a lambda, β 2 mikroglobulinu. Výsledky: Chronické selhání ledvin jsme nalezli u 38,6 % pacientů na základě odhadu ze sérového cystatinu C a u 34,6 % pacientů na základě odhadu ze sérového kreatininu. B2mikroglobulin má největší počet významných korelací; cystatin C (0,90), CysC GFR (-0,69), Kreatinin (0,70), MDRD GFR (-0,60), MIg koncentrace (0,24), κ FLC (0,22) λ FLC (0,34) a věk (0,40). Tento velký počet korelací lze vysvětlit tím, že β 2mikroglobulin odráží jak zátěž organismu maligními buňkami, tak pokles glomerulární filtrace. Závěr: Chronické selhání ledvin jsme nalezli u 38,6 % pacientů při odhadu glomerulární filtrace z cystatinu C a u 34,6 % při odhadu ze sérového kreatininu. Třída monoklonálního imunoglobulinu může mít vliv na výsledky odhadu glomerulární filtrace ze sérového cystatinu C, odhad glomerulární filtrace ze sérového kreatininu není ovlivněn třídou imunoglobulinu. Diabetici neměli statisticky signifikantně nižší glomerulární filtraci než pacienti bez diabetu mellitu., Background: Renal function is more frequently decreased in patients with monoclonal gammopathy. 10 % of patients with multiple myeloma present with acute renal failure and renal function is included in CRAB criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of chronic renal failure (CRF), defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 1.0 ml/s/1.73m 2 , in 101 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Design: retrospective study Material and methods: We compared GFR estimates from serum creatinine (MDRD GFR) and serum cystatin C (CysC GFR) and looked at the correlation between free light chains (FLC) concentration and renal markers. We performed serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) with quantification of monoclonal intact immunoglobulin (MIg) and measured serum creatinine, cysta - tin C, κ and λ FLC and β 2microglobulin in all patients. Results: We found CRF in 38.6% patients using estimation from serum cystatin C and 34.6 % using estimation from serum creatinine. B2microglobulin has the highest number of significant correlations; cystatin C (0.90), CysC GFR (-0.69), crea - tinine (0.70), MDRD GFR (-0.60), MIg concentration (0.24), κ FLC (0.22) λ FLC (0.34) and age (0.40). The best correlation results may be explained by the fact that β 2microglobulin reflects both malignant cells burden and renal function. Conclusions: We found CRF in 38.6 % MGUS patients using estimation from serum cystatin C and in 34.6 % using estima - tion from serum creatinine. The class of monoclonal immunoglobulin may influence results of glomerular filtration estimated from cystatin C but it does not influence GFR estimated from creatinine. Diabetic patients had not significantly lower GFR than patients without diabetes mellitus., Šálek T., Moravčíková D., Humpolíček P., Tichý M., Palička V., and Literatura
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems among Czech dentists and to analyze the factors that affect these disorders. Information was gathered through questionnaire completed by 581 physicians. The questionnaire ascertained general information about physicians including their work habits and the characteristics of their work environment along with the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems as well as their intensity. In the past year the occurrence of at least mild difficulties associated with the locomotive system was reported by 96.9% of dentists surveyed (n = 557), with 66.3% of respondents (n = 381) reporting difficulties ofa moderate or major nature. Most respondents of both sexes indicated neck pain. A statistically significant correlation with the occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints of medium and major intensity was demonstrated for the following factors: sex, age, running a private practice, past injury or musculoskeletal diseases, and the perception of work as psychologically demanding. Musculoskeletal disorders in dentists in Czech Republic are relatively frequent and serious health problem. The causes of these diseases must be identified and appropriate preventive interventions undertaken that will contribute to a reduction in the incidence of these problems. and Z. Sustová, L. Hodacová, M. Kapitán
Cardiac surgery is inseparably linked to the activation of innate immunity cells recognizing danger signals of both endogenous and exogenous origin via pattern recognition receptors such as TLR receptors. Therefore, we followed by flow cytometry TLR2 and TLR4 expression on blood monocytes and granulocytes of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting using beating heart surgery (off-pump, n = 34), with use of standard cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), (on-pump, n = 30), and miniinvasive CPB (mini on-pump, n = 25), respectively, before, during surgery, and up to 7th postoperative day. TLR2 and TLR4 expression both on monocytes and granulocytes was significantly diminished already at the end of CPB being highly significantly decreased at the end of surgery in all patients' groups. TLR2 and TLR4 expression reached preoperative value at the 1st postoperative day being significantly higher at the 3rd postoperative day. Using intracellular staining we found the peak of TLR2 and TLR4 expression inside of monocytes and granulocytes at the first postoperative day in a subgroup of on-pump patients. In conclusion, TLR2 and TLR4 expression is significantly modulated in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting as a part of adaptive homeostatic mechanisms induced by major surgery. The very surgical trauma is responsible for TLR2 and TLR4 modulation. Surprisingly, cardiopulmonary bypass itself was little contributing to the modulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression. and J. Krejsek, M. Kolácková, J. Mand'ák, P. Kunes, Z. Holubcová, D. Holmannová, M. AbuAttieh, C. Andrýs
The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of total hip arthroplasty in patients with Parkinson's disease during a period of five years, focusing on the assessment of the risks and benefits of surgery. During this period we performed total hip arthroplasty in 14 patients (15 hips) with Parkinson's disease. Patients were evaluated by subjective symptoms and objective findings, with a focus on the use of support while walking and walking distance, severity of Parkinson's disease before surgery and at the time of the last follow-up. During the postoperative period, the following parameters were assessed: length of ICU stay, mobilization, complications, the total duration of hospitalization and follow-up care after discharge. Of the 11 patients (12 hips) followed-up 1-5 years with an average of 3 years after operation 8 cases showed progression of neurological disability. 5 patients (6 hips) showed an increased dependence on the use of support when walking and reduced distance that the patient was able to walk. Subjectively, 10 hip joints were completely painless and 2 patients complained of only occasional mild pain in the operated hip. Complications that were encountered were urinary tract infection (5 patients), cognitive impairment (3 patients) and pressure ulcer (2 patients). We did not observe any infection or dislocation of the prosthesis. Three patients fell and fractured the femur and 3 patients in our cohort died during follow up. Implantation of total replacement is possible with judicious indication after careful evaluation of neurological finding in patients with minimal or mild functional impairment of the locomotor system. Prerequisite for a good result is precise surgical technique and optimal implant position with balanced tension of the muscles and other soft tissues around the hip. and PG. Mathew, P. Sponer, T. Kucera, M. Grinac, J. Knízek