At the beginning of the 20th century the task of reviewing all available literature across different scientific fields was initiated by professor Raýman, the general secretary of the Czech Academy of Emperor Franz Joseph for Science, Literature and Arts (CASLA). The first review for 1901 (in Czech language) appeared in the CASLA Bulletin during 1902. However, later, until the 1914 review, which was partially published in 1916, the reviews only consisted of physics reports. Usually, about five authors wrote the physical review covering different fields. Beginning in 1903, the review was also published as a separate book. The first 10 years of physical reviews referenced about 15 thousands papers from all available global literature., Jan Valenta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Palacký University is a partner of 7th Framework program entitled "Closed Loop Control of the Laser Welding Process through the Measurement of Plasma (no. 222279)" - CLET. Researchers and small/middle enterprises cooperate here on sensor development to control laser weld quality using spectroscopy methods. It makes possible an on-line optimization of process parameters avoiding formation of material defects. and Hana Chmelíčková, Hana Lapšanská.
This paper focuses on Ernst Mach's contributions to teaching on the one side and technology-oriented research on the other side. The first part sums up Mach's views concerning the role of natural sciences and humanities within the curriculum and, in particular, culture in general. The second part deals with Mach's contribution to applied sciences and technology, mentioning some of his most original inventions in that field., Emilie Těšínská, Ivan Landa, Jiří Drahoš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This short contribution presents six papers, which characterize research areas at the Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University. The joint research field is the interaction between particles, and particle interaction with gases, solid structures, and surfaces. in particular, the research concerns vacuum physics, physics of thin films and surfaces, plasma physics, and space physics together with their applications in diagnostics and modern technologies in material science., Jana Šafránková, Jan Wild., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We first recall the main features of Mach's radical attitude to the "philosophy of science", illustrated best by his criticism of absolute space and time, and discuss the impact of Mach's ideas on the birth of special and general relativity. The experiment to demonstrate "Machian effects" of dragging of inertial frames by a rotating body (carried out by four gyroscopes placed in an orbit around the Earth) was conceived in 1959 but only in 2014 was the satellite launched. The last results from the experiment were finally summarised at the end of 2015: they confirm the dragging as predicted by general relativity with an accuracy of 19 %. We show that a rotating black hole can even drag magnetic field lines and indicate possible astrophysical meaning of processes of this type. in the concluding parts, our investigation of dragging effects by gravitational waves and the study of Mach's principle in the context of cosmology, obtained in collaboration with Donald Lynden-Bell (Cambridge) and Joseph Katz (Jerusalem), are briefly reviewed., Jiří Bičák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article describes fundamental and application results obtained in the Department of Quantum Electronics of the Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics (IRE) of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. The early success in detection of the Doppler effect of radiation reflected from the first satellite orbiting the Earth - Sputnik (1957) was in the Department followed by systematic work in the area of ammonia masers, both 14NH3 and 15NH3 (1963-72). Short information is given on the first graduate courses in quantum electronics (1963-64) organized by the Department. Department's program of laser development and applications is discussed in details. The results of four key research projects are reported in the article, i.e., (a) ruby laser and its application in ophthalmology (including the first laser surgery of retina carried out in our laboratory), (b) carbon dioxide IR lasers, (c) UV-Vis gas lasers (blue He-Cd laser, near-ultraviolet nitrogen laser), and (d) tunable dye lasers. Unfortunately, the politically motivated dissolution of the Department in early seventies ended all the promising programs., Jan Blabla, Viktor Trkal., Obsahuje bibliografii, and V anglickém názvu uvedeno chybně Quatum - správně = Quantum
The remarkable progress in laser technology leads also to a development of techniques of time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The ultrafast laser spectroscopy in the visible spectral region can be now used for investigation of rapid processes with the time resolution of about 10 fs. This paper reviews the experimental background and typical techniques of ultrafast laser spectroscopy. The potentional of ultrafast spectrocopy is illustrated with the results obtained by authors in the field of ultrafast relaxation processes in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures., Petr Malý, Petr Němec, František Trojánek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ernst Mach was already an internationally recognised experimental physicist, when he, after professorships for Mathematics and Physics in Graz and Experimental Physics in Prague, took over the chair for "Philosophy, particularly for the History and Theory of the Inductive Sciences", at the University of Vienna in 1895. This turn from natural sciences to philosophy was really an exception in the academic field. Although he was not a specialist in philosophy his ideas exhibited a remarkable influence. Here is the first part of the author's text, the second, closing part (Mach and Philosophy) will be published in the next issue of this Journal., Friedrich Stadler ; z angličtiny a němčiny přeložil M. Černohorský., and Obsahuje bibliografii