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2192. Antimicrosporidial activity of (fluoro)quinolones in vitro and in vivo
- Creator:
- Didier, Elizabeth S., Bowers, Lisa, Stovall, Mary E., Kuebler, Dorothy, Mittleider, Derek, Brindley, Paul J., and Didier, Peter J.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fluoroquinolone, microsporidia, opportunistic infection, emerging infection, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Vittaforma corneae
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Microsporidia are a cause of emerging and opportunistic infections in humans and animals. Although two drugs are currently being used to treat microsporidiosis, concerns exist that albendazole is only selective for inhibiting some species of microsporidia that infect mammals, and fumagillin appears to have been found to be toxic. During a limited sequence survey of the Vittaforma corneae (syn. Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis et Font, 1990) genome, a partial gene encoding for the ParC topoisomerase IV subunit was identified. The purpose of this set of studies was to determine if fluoroquinolones, which target topoisomerase IV, exert activity against Encephalitozoon intestinalis (syn. Septata intestinalis Cali, Kotler et Orenstein, 1993) and V. corneae in vitro, and whether these compounds could prolong survival of V. corneae-infected athymic mice. Fifteen fluoroquinolones were tested. Of these, norfloxacin and ofloxacin inhibited E. intestinalis replication by more than 70% compared with non-treated control cultures, while gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, moxifloxacin, and nalidixic acid (sodium salt) inhibited both E. intestinalis and V. corneae by at least 60% at concentrations not toxic to the host cells. These drugs were tested in vivo also, where gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin prolonged survival of V. corneae-infected athymic mice (P < 0.05), whereas moxifloxacin and nalidixic acid failed to prolong survival. Therefore, these results support continued studies for evaluating the efficacy of the fluoroquinolones for treating microsporidiosis and for characterizing the target(s) of these fluoroquinolones in the microsporidia.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2193. Antimonachismus v české osvícenské společnosti: obsahová analýza tří antimonachistických brožur
- Creator:
- Hasan, Petr
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- církevní dějiny, osvícenství, lidská přirozenost, askeze, church history, enlightenment, human naturalness, asceticism, antimonachismus, antimonachism, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- This study deals with reforms by Josef II, in particular with the abolition of the monasteries as recorded in contemporary sources supporting the reforms being carried out. The author selects some significant themes treated by the proponents of reform. The main theme is the criterion of human nature. Related themes include: monks’ asceticism, celibacy, monasteries as the quintessence of baroque piety, and mendicant orders., Petr Hasan., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2194. Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve
- Creator:
- Richard Hampl, Marta Šnajderová, and Tonko Mardešić
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, patopsychologie, rozmnožování (biologie), pathopsychology, reproduction, antimüllerian hormone, physiological function, male development, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The main characteristics of the Antimüllerian hormone from the points of view of biochemistry, molecular genetics, physiological functions and importance for diagnostics in reproductive endocrinology and related biomedical fields are reviewed. The role of the hormone in male and female development, its participation in oocyte maturation including selection of a dominant follicle are summarized, as well as its changes under various pathological situations in both sexes. The physiological changes of serum AMH leves in the life span in both sexes and their alterations under various pathological conditions are provided, too., R. Hampl, M. Šnajderová, T. Mardešić., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2195. Antimutagenic effect of phenethyl isothiocyanate
- Creator:
- Šmerák, Petr
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2196. Antimykotická léčba invazivních mykóz imunosuprimovaných nemocných
- Creator:
- Diatková, Jana, Tošková, Martina, Kocmanová, Iva, Mayer, Jiří, and Ráčil, Zdeněk
- Format:
- braille, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, and TEXT
- Subject:
- imunosuprese--škodlivé účinky, mykózy--diagnóza--epidemiologie--patologie--terapie, oportunní infekce--klasifikace--terapie, antifungální látky--aplikace a dávkování--klasifikace--terapeutické užití, polyeny--aplikace a dávkování--klasifikace--škodlivé účinky--terapeutické užití, azoly--aplikace a dávkování--klasifikace--škodlivé účinky--terapeutické užití, echinokandiny--aplikace a dávkování--klasifikace--škodlivé účinky--terapeutické užití, kandidóza invazivní--etiologie--terapie, aspergilóza--terapie, plicní aspergilóza--terapie, antibakteriální látky--škodlivé účinky, klinické zkoušky jako téma, směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma, lidé, invazivní mykotické infekce, and antimykotika
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- V průběhu posledních let dochází k nárůstu počtu imunosuprimovaných nemocných a tím i k vzestupu invazivních mykotických onemocnění. Terapie hlubokých mykóz je mnohdy obtížná, mortalita a morbidita těchto infekčních komplikací jsou vysoké. Stále lepší dostupnost nových antimykotik rozšiřuje naše léčebné možnosti a zlepšuje výsledky terapie těchto invazivních mykotických infekcí. Předkládaná práce podává informace o využití jednotlivých antimykotik v léčbě invazivních mykóz, shrnuje léčbu invazivní aspergilózy (IA), invazivní kandidózy (IC) a empirickou antimykotickou terapii. Doporučení vychází ze závěrů prezentovaných Europen Conference on Infection in Leukemia (ECIL)., The frequency of invasive fungal infections has significantly increased with the rise in at-risk populations of patients in the last years. Management of deep fungal infection is difficult and the morbidity and mortality of these infections are very high. New antifungal agents provide the managment options and improve therapeutic outcomes of these infections. This article informs about the role of available antifungal agents in the management of invasive fungal infections and reviews empirical antifungal treatmnet and the treatment of invasive aspergillus and candida infections. Recommendations presented below are based on the resume of the Europen Conference on Infection in Leukemia (ECIL)., Jana Diatková, Martina Tošková, Iva Kocmanová, Jiří Mayer, Zdeněk Ráčil, and Literatura
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2197. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of epinephrine and isoprenaline on peroxidation of LDL and lipid liposomes
- Creator:
- Ondriaš, K., Staško, A., Gergeľ, D., Hromadová, M., and Mišík, V.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- antioxidant, epinephrine, isoprenaline, peroxidation, low density lipoprotein, lipoxidase, and iron
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Antioxidant or pro-oxidant properties of epinephrine (EPI) and isoprenaline (ISO) were studied in the absence and presence of Fe2+ , Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions. EPI and ISO (>2 /tmol/1) inhibited peroxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by 2, 2’-azobis(2-amidino-propane) (AAPH). EPI had a similar inhibitory potency as ISO, but their potency was several times higher than the potency of a-tocopherol (a-TOC). When the LDL peroxidation was induced by 5 /tmol/1 CUSO4, EPI and ISO enhanced LDL peroxidation at low concentrations (10/mol/l) and decreased peroxidation at higher concentrations (30 /tmol/1). The compounds had a similar tendency to inhibit the peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. EPI (3-30 //¿mol/1) inhibited lipid peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes induced by 2 mmol/1 of AAPH, but it was less effective and even increased the peroxidation, when the samples contained 2 mmol/1 AAPH with 50 /¿mol/l FeSC>4 or 2 mmol/1 AAPH with 20/imol/l FeCb. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by EPI was also observed when studying decreased oxygen consumption, when the peroxidation of linoleic acid was induced by lipoxidase. In conclusion, EPI and ISO reduced lipid peroxidation, but they exhibit pro-oxidant properties in the presence of Fe2+, Fe3+ or Cu2+ ions, depending on the catecholamine and ionic concentration.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2198. Antioxidant and regulatory role of mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP2 in pancreatic β-cells
- Creator:
- Petr Ježek, Olejár, T., Katarína Smolková, Jan Ježek, Andrea Dlasková, Plecitá-Hlavatá, L., Zelenka, J., Tomáš Špaček, Hana Engstová, Pajuelo Reguera, D., and Martin Jabůrek
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, mitochondrie, mitochondrias, mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP2, pancreatic β-cells, homeostasis of reactive oxygen species, redox regulations, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Research on brown adipose tissue and its hallmark protein, mitochondrial uncoupling protei n UCP1, has been conducted for half a century and has been traditionally studied in the Institute of Physiology (AS CR, Prague), likewise UCP2 residing in multiple tissues for the last two decades. Our group has significantly contributed to the elucidation of UCP uncoupling mechanism, fully dependent on free fatty acids (FFAs) within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Now we review UCP2 physiological roles emphasizing its roles in pancreatic β-cells, such as antioxidant role, possible tuning of redox homeostasis (consequently UCP2 participation in redox regulations), and fine regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). For example, NADPH has been firmly established as being a modulator of GSIS and since UCP2 may influence redox homeostasis, it likely affects NADPH levels. We also point out the role of phospholipase iPLA2 isoform γ in providing FFAs for the UCP2 antioxidant function. Such initiation of mild uncoupling hypothetically precedes lipotoxicity in pancreatic β-cells until it reaches the pathological threshold, after which the antioxidant role of UCP2 can be no more cell-protective, for example due to oxidative stress-accumulated mutations in mtDNA. These mechanisms, together with impaired autocrine insulin function belong to important causes of Type 2 diabetes etiology., P. Ježek ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2199. Antioxidant and vascular effects of gliclazide in type 2 diabetic rats fed high-fat diet
- Creator:
- Sena, C. M., Louro, T., Matafome, P., Nunes, E., Monteiro, P., and Seiça, R.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, endotel, oxid dusnatý, diabetes mellitus, oxidační stres, physiology, endothelium, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, gliclazide, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Diabetes mellitus is characterized by oxidative stress, which in turn determines endothelial dysfunction. Gliclazide is a sulphonylurea antidiabetic drug with antioxidant effects due to its azabicyclo-octyl ring. It has been reported to potentially protect the vasculature through improvements in plasma lipid levels and platelet function. We hypothesized that gliclazide has a beneficial effect on endothelial function in Goto-Kakizaki rats (GK), an animal model of type 2 diabetes fed an atherogenic diet for 4 months. We evaluated the influence of gliclazide on both metabolic and oxidative status and NO-mediated vasodilation. GKAD rats showed increased oxidative stress and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. GKAD rats treated with gliclazide showed increased sensitivity to NO-mediated vasodilation, a significant decrease in fasting glycemia and insulinemia, and a significant decrease in systemic oxidative stress. In conclusion, our results suggest that gliclazide treatment improves NO-mediated vasodilation in diabetic GK rats with dyslipidemia probably due to its antioxidant effects, although we cannot rule out substantial benefits due to a reduction in fasting blood glucose. The availability of a compound that simultaneously decreases hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and inhibits oxidative stress is a promising therapeutic candidate for the prevention of vascular complications of diabetes., C. M. Sena ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2200. Antioxidant defense is increased in aged hearts following omega-3 supplementation in the absence of changes in inflammation
- Creator:
- Lennon-edwards, S., Schellhardt, T. A., and Kuczmarski, J. M.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, stárnutí, oxidační stres, omega-3 mastné kyseliny, záněty, aging, oxidative stress, inflammations, omega-3 fatty acids, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 15-week omega-3 rich diet on age-related differences in myocardial antioxidant defense and inflammation. 20 mature (M) (6 mo.) and 20 old (O) (15 mo.) male Fisher 344 rats were assigned to two diet groups: Control (CON) or Fish Oil (FO). Following the diet, animals were sacrificed and left ventricular (LV) heart tissue was harvested for biochemical assays and western blot analysis. No differences were observed in expression of LV interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production between MCON and OCON. However, LV catalase protein expression and activity were increased in OCON vs. MCON and accompanied by increased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1. In contrast, LV IL-6 was lower in MFO vs. old rats, and LV H2O2 was decreased in MFO and OFO relative to respective control groups. Protein expression and activity of LV catalase and SOD-1 expression were increased in OFO similarly to OCON, but LV SOD activity was also increased in OFO vs. mature rats. In summary, FO supplementation increased myocardial antioxidant defense in all animals and augmented age-associated increases in antioxidant capacity in the absence of changes in inflammation., S. Lennon-Edwards, T. A. Schellhardt, J. M. Kuczmarski., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public