V článku názorně představujeme základy fyziky neviditelného pláště, která je založena na tzv. transformační optice., Tomáš Tyc, Ulf Leonhardt., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The study shows that Benjamin’s conception of revolution, put forth in his essay “Surrealism: The Last Snapshot of the European Intelligentsia,” can be understood as a way to bring about a long-term transformation of reality. To not exhaust revolution in a single moment is facilitated, above all, by the relationship of Benjamin’s revolution to evolving technology, which constantly enters (in the form of new objects) into the daily life of society. “Surrealism” offers an opportunity to look at new technological objects as images and to understand them in a specific way thanks to the method of profane illumination. Understanding new technology as an image – its “reading” – enables one to use its revolutionary potential towards an active transformation of society. Thanks to profane illumination, technology proves to be a part of the collective body. It thus becomes an organ of transformation rather than an instrument of control. Since Benjamin leaves the meaning of his concepts to a certain extent open, this study will try to present a concrete interpretation of the concepts of image and profane illumination and demonstrate how they establish the author’s conception of revolution. and Studie ukazuje, že Benjaminovu koncepci revoluce, předloženou v eseji „Surrealismus“, lze chápat jako způsob dlouhodobého transformování skutečnosti. Nevyčerpat se v jediném okamžiku umožňuje Benjaminově revoluci především její vztah k vyvíjející se technice, dlouhodobě vstupující (v podobě stále nových předmětů) do každodenního života společnosti. „Surrealismus“ nabízí možnost nahlížet nové technické předměty jako obrazy a poté jim specifickým způsobem rozumět díky metodě profánního osvícení. Porozumění nové technice jako obrazu – její „přečtení“ – umožňuje zužitkovat její revoluční potenciál k aktivní transformaci společnosti. Technika se díky profánnímu osvícení ukazuje být součástí kolektivního těla. Stává se tak orgánem transformace spíše než nástrojem ovládání. Benjamin však ponechává význam svých pojmů do jisté míry otevřený, a tak následující studie navrhne konkrétní interpretaci pojmů obrazu a profánního osvícení a předvede, jak zakládají autorovo pojetí revoluce.
The availability of the human genome sequence and the recently completed draft sequences of two major mammalian model species, the mouse (Mus musculus) and the rat (Rattus norvegicus), allow researchers to apply novel approaches for gene identification and characterization, using methods of comparative and functional genomics. Recently, a new gene coding for apolipoprotein A-V was identified in the vicinity of APOA-I/C-III/A-IV cluster on human chromosome 11q23 by comparative sequencing method. In a relatively short time, compelling evidence accumulated for the substantial role of APOA-V in lipid metabolism. Studies in knock-out and transgenic mice revealed that its expression pattern correlates negatively with triglyceride levels. This observation was verified in human population studies in variety of ethnic and age groups. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms were described and particular SNP alleles and haplotypes in the APO A-V gene region were shown to be associated with dyslipidemia. The discovery and characterization of the APO A-V demonstrates current possibilities of the integrative approaches in biology, boosted by the available bioinformatic tools., O. Šeda, L. Šedová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This review presents recent findings regarding the physiological and pathophysiological extra- and intracellular mechanisms of secretory diarrhoea. Putative interventions directed towards counteracting the mechanisms causing fluid loss, especially in relation to the enteric nervous system, intracellular mediators, and localization of fluid and electrolyte transport, are discussed. The enteric nervous system regulates the complex process of transmural fluid and electrolyte transport by controlling the function of the mucosa, the motility, and the microcirculation in both health and disease. Most of the processes, leading to secretory diarrhoea, involve activation of the enteric nervous system, with local release of neurotransmitters and other endogenous effectors, which induce chloride secretion. A new therapeutic approach is based on stimulation of absorption and inhibition of secretion by using receptor agonists and antagonists, and modulators of intracellular signal transduction. A physio-pharmacological review of serotonin and the antisecretory factor as modulators of intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport is given.