The kidney is a common “victim organ” of various insults in critically ill patients. Sepsis and septic shock are the dominant causes of acute kidney injury, accounting for nearly 50 % of episodes of acute renal failure. Despite our substantial progress in the understanding of mechanisms involved in septic acute kidney injury there is still a huge pool of questions preclusive of the development of effective ther apeutic strategies. This review briefly summarizes our current knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms of septic acute kidney injury focusing on hemodynamic alterations, peritubular dysfunction, role of inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide, mitochondrial dysfunction and structural chan ges. Role of proteomics, new promising laboratory method, is mentioned., J. Chvojka, R. Sýkora, T. Karvunidis, J. Raděj, A. Kroužecký, I. Novák, M. Matějovič., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The great importance of the domestic horse in human history and culture has long made it a significant subject of research. The historical role of the horse and new studies and discoveries that are key to understanding its domestication provided the impetus for this paper. The review presents and discusses the current state of knowledge and ideas concerning the origins, domestication, early history, historical roles, and exploitation of this domestic animal from central European and global perspectives. Ecological, biological, phylogenetic, archaeological and historical aspects are combined to explore the issue in a comprehensive manner and to provide insights into various scientific fields and the different regions of Eurasia. and Kůň je s ohledem na jeho podstatný význam v lidských dějinách a kultuře v hledáčku badatelů z různých oborů. Historická role koně, ale zejména nové, pro poznání jeho domestikace klíčové studie a objevy, byly impulsem pro vytvoření tohoto příspěvku. Jeho cílem je prezentovat a diskutovat aktuální poznatky a představy o původu, domestikaci, rané historii, využívání a historické roli tohoto domácího zvířete z české, středoevropské i světové perspektivy. V příspěvku je kombinován aspekt ekologický, biologický, fylogenetický, archeologický i historický. Problematika je tímto pojata komplexně, s nahlédnutím do různých směrů bádání a různých regionů Eurasie.
The life cycle of Hedruris spinigera Baylis, 1931 (Nematoda: Hedruridae) is determined here with the first formal identification of the parasite's intermediate host: the crustacean amphipod Paracorophium excavatum Thomson. Adult H. spinigera are redescribed from specimens collected from the stomach of fishes, Retropinna retropinna (Richardson) and Aldrichetta forsteri (Valenciennes), from Lake Waihola, New Zealand. Immature adults of the parasite collected from intermediate hosts (P. excavatum) are also described for the first time. The prevalence, abundance and intensity of infection of H. spinigera in several fish species are quantified along with the occurrence of P. excavatum, the parasite's intermediate host, in fish stomach contents. Although H. spinigera's transmission mode (trophic transmission) and fish diet potentially expose all fish species to infection, some level of host specificity must exist as parasite prevalence, abundance and intensity of infection vary greatly between potential definitive host species. We suggest here that the anatomy of the fish digestive tract and especially that of the stomach plays an important role in host suitability for H. spinigera. While P. excavatum is the only intermediate host in Lake Waihola, H. spinigera was found in six different fish species: Aldrichetta forsteri, Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns), Retropinna retropinna, Rhombosolea retiaria Hutton, Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus and Salmo trutta Linnaeus; although typical hedrurid attachment and mating positions were observed only in R. retropinna and A. forsteri. The limited distribution of H. spinigera is most likely due to that of its different host species (intermediate and definitive), all inhabitants of coastal fresh and brackish waters.
Using EPR spectroscopy it was found that CdCl2 and HgCl2 interact (1) with the intermediates Z./D., i.e. with the tyrosine radicals on the donor side of photosystem (PS) 2 situated in the 161st position in D1 and D2 proteins; (2) with the primary donor of PS1 (P700) whereby the oxidation of chlorophyll (Chl) a dimer in the reaction centre of PS1 occurs yet in the dark; (3) with the manganese cluster which is situated in the oxygen evolving complex. Due to these interactions of investigated metal chlorides with the photosynthetic apparatus, the interruption of the photosynthetic electron transport through photosynthetic centres occurs. Monitoring of time dependence of EPR signal I of chloroplasts treated with CdCl2 or HgCl2 after switching off the light suggests that all mechanisms, i.e. direct, cyclic, and non-cyclic reductions of P700+ are damaged. The formation of complexes between mercury or cadmium ions and amino acid residues constituting photosynthetic peptides was suggested as possible mechanism of their inhibitory action. The higher HgCl2 efficiency in comparison with that of CdCl2 was explained by higher ability of mercury ions to form complexes with amino acids, what was demonstrated by their apparent binding constants: K = 10 200 M-1 for Hg2+ ions, and K = 3 700 M-1 for Cd2+ ions. and F. Šršeň, K. Kráľová.
Four new species of feather mites belonging to three different genera of the family Pteronyssidae are described from passerine birds of South Africa: Pteroherpus africanus sp, n, from the garden bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus (Desfontaines) (Pycnonotidae), Pteroherpus cysticolae sp. n. from the wing-snapped cisticola Cisticola ayresii Hartlaub (Sylviidae), Pteronyssoides promeropis sp. n. from the Gurney’s sugarbird Promerops gurneyi Verreaux (Promeropidae), and Sturnotrogus creatophorae sp. n. from the wattled starling Creatophora cinerea Menschen (Sturnidae). A brief review of recent publications on the taxonomy of the family Pteronyssidae is given.
Three new species, belonging to the newly proposed genus Pseudopicobia gen. n., inhabiting body quill feathers of puffbirds (Piciformes: Bucconidae), are described: P. nonnula sp. n. from Nonnula frontalis (Sclater) in Colombia, P. malacoptila sp. n. from Malacoptila panamensis Lafresnaye in Colombia and P. hapaloptila sp. n. from Hapaloptila castanea (Verreaux) in Ecuador. The new genus differs from morphologically similar genus Picobia Heller, 1878 by the absence of the genital setae, absence of the genital lobes, solenidia φI represented by microsetae, and by the presence of setiform solenidia σI. Syringophilid mites are recorded from birds of this family for the first time.
Bentholebouria colubrosa gen. n. et sp. n. (Digenea: Opecoelidae) is described in the wenchman, Pristipomoides aquilonaris (Goode et Bean), from the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and new combinations are proposed: Bentholebouria blatta (Bray et Justine, 2009) comb. n., Bentholebouria longisaccula (Yamaguti, 1970) comb. n., Bentholebouria rooseveltiae (Yamaguti, 1970) comb. n., and Bentholebouria ulaula (Yamaguti, 1970) comb. n. The new genus is morphologically similar to Neolebouria Gibson, 1976, but with a longer cirrus sac, entire testes, a rounded posterior margin with a cleft, and an apparent restriction to the deepwater snappers. Morphologically, the new species is closest to B. blatta from Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus (Valenciennes) off New Caledonia but can be differentiated by the nature of the internal seminal vesicle (2-6 turns or loops rather than constrictions), a longer internal seminal vesicle (occupying about 65% rather than 50% of the cirrus sac), a cirrus sac that extends further into the hindbody (averaging 136% rather than 103% of the distance from the posterior margin of the ventral sucker to the ovary), and a narrower body (27% rather than 35% mean width as % of body length). A Bayesian inference analysis of partial sequence of the 28S rDNA from Neolebouria lanceolata (Price, 1934), Cainocreadium lintoni (Siddiqi et Cable, 1960), Hamacreadium mutabile Linton, 1910, Opecoeloides fimbriatus (Linton, 1910), Podocotyloides brevis Andres et Overstreet, 2013, the new species, and previously published comparable sequences from 10 opecoelid species revealed two clades. One clade includes deep-sea (≥ 200 m) and freshwater fish opecoelids + Opecoeloides Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819, and a second clade included those opecoelids from shallow-water marine, perciform fishes.
Due to changes at the Gabčíkovo Water Structure‘s Provisional Rules of Operation developed in 2011 at Slovenské elektrárne Inc. - Hydro power plants Trenčín enterprise, a new hydromodel for operating the Gabčíkovo Water Structure was implemented. This hydromodel is capable of planning and exploiting the regulatory functions of the Gabčíkovo Water Structure more effectively than it was previously. The new hydromodel additionally incorporates a simulating model of flow transformation downstream of the Gabčíkovo Water Structure, which will examine the substantiality of Gabčíkovo Water Structure projected operation for compliance with nautical parameters downstream the Gabčíkovo Water Structure. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Monophasic action potential (MAP) recording plays an important role in a more direct view of human myocardial electrophysiology under both physiological and pathological conditions. The procedure of MAP measuring can be simply performed using the Seldinger technique, when MAP catheter is inserted through femoral vein into the right ventricle or through femoral artery to the left ventricle. The MAP method represents a very useful tool for electrophysiological research in cardiology. Its crucial importance is based upon the fact that it enables the study of the action potential (AP) of myocardial cell in vivo and, therefore, the study of the dynamic relation of this potential with all the organism variables. This can be particularly helpful in the case of arrhythmias. There are no doubts that physiological MAP recording accuracy is almost the same as transmembrane AP as was recently confirmed by anisotropic bidomain model of the cardiac tissue. MAP recording devices provide precise information not only on the local activation time but also on the entire local repolarization time course. Although the MAP does not reflect the absolute amplitude or upstroke velocity of transmembrane APs, it delivers highly accurate information on AP duration and configuration, including early afterdepolarizations as well as relative changes in transmembrane diastolic and systolic potential changes. Based on available data, the MAP probably reflects the transmembrane voltage of cells within a few millimeters of the exploring electrode. Thus MAP recordings offer the opportunity to study a variety of electrophysiological phenomena in the in situ heart (including effects of cycle length changes and antiarrhythmic drugs on AP duration)., S.-G. Yang, O. Kittnar., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy