Diastematomyelie je vzácná vrozená vada patřící mezi spinální dysrafizmy a obvykle je asociována se syndromem míšního ukotvení. Diastematomyelie je tvořena dvěma polovinami rozštěpené míchy s vlastními durálními vaky, které jsou rozděleny osteokartilaginózním septem. Tato vada bývá diagnostikována především v dětském věku. U dospělých je vzácná a dominujícím příznakem je bolest. Autoři prezentují kazuistiku ženy ve věku 44 let s diastematomyelií, která si stěžovala na chronické bolesti zad a progredující slabost dolních končetin. U pacientky jsme provedli laminektomii, deliberaci míchy a plastiku durálního vaku. Po operaci pacientka zůstala bez neurologického deficitu a udávala výraznou úlevu od bolestí., Diastematomyelia is a rare congenital defect, a type of spinal dysraphisms, often associated with the tethered cord syndrome. Diastematomyelia is formed by the two halves of the split spinal cord that each has own dural sac separated by a rigid or fibrotic septum. This defect is mainly diagnosed in children. Pain is the dominant symptom in adult patients. The authors present a case of a woman aged 44 years with diastematomyelia who complained of chronic back pain and progressive weakness in her legs. In this patient, laminectomy was performed, the spinal cord released and the dural sac restored. After the surgery, the patient had no neurological deficits and reported significant pain relief. Key words: diastematomyelia in adults – tethered cord syndrom – split cord malformation The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and V. Novák, L. Hrabálek, M. Vaverka, M. Halaj
Úvod: Při neklidu, úzkosti a agitovanosti je někdy nutné přikročit k intramuskulární (i. m.) aplikaci benzodiazepinů. V ČR je často používán diazepam. Cílem práce je zjistit interindividuální variabilitu koncentrací diazepamu v séru po i. m. aplikaci a hodnotit klinický efekt léku. Metodika: Do hodnocení jsme zařadili šest mužů, kterým bylo při ambulantní léčbě aplikováno 10 mg diazepamu i. m. Měření farmakokinetických parametrů a anxiety byla prováděna po 30 min (T1), dále po 4 (T2) a 24 hod (T3). Diagnóza byla stanovena pomocí Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, anxietu jsme kvantifikovali Hamiltonovou škálou úzkosti (HAMA). Výsledky: V čase T1 (po 30 min) byly průměrné (geometrický průměr) hladiny diazepamu v séru 14,6 ng/ml, za 4 hod 48,6 ng/ml a za 24 hod 28,7 ng/ml. Hodnoty v čase T1 se pohybovaly v rozmezí 0,5–148,0 ng/ml. Nenalezli jsme vztah mezi skórem HAMA a koncentracemi diazepamu. U všech pacientů došlo k poklesu úzkosti v čase T1 na normální hodnoty (HAMA < 13). Při dalším sledování už nebyly hodnoty HAMA zvýšené. Závěr: Koncentrace diazepamu byly v průměru u pacientů 30 min po aplikaci výrazně nižší než po 4 i 24 hodinách. Největší variabilitu koncentrací jsme pozorovali za 30 min, kdy byl rozdíl mezi nemocnými 280násobný. Tato zjištění potvrzují zahraniční zkušenosti, podle kterých diazepam v i. m. formě nemá být užíván k ovlivnění akutních stavů. Diskutujeme o rozdílech mezi SPC jednotlivých přípravků a oficiálních doporučujících pokynů, které nutí k nevhodné aplikaci diazepamu i. m. a zároveň neumožňují jiné než off-label užití v guidelines doporučovaného midazolamu., Introduction: There is a need for intramuscular (IM) administration of benzodiazepines for acute restlessness, anxiety and agitation. In the Czech Republic, diazepam is frequently used. The aim of this study was to determine the variability of serum diazepam concentrations after IM administration and evaluate its clinical effect. Methods: We included six men, who were administered 10 mg of diazepam IM in an outpatient setting. Measurements were carried out 30 minutes (T1), 4 (T2) and 24 hours (T3) after diazepam administration. The diagnosis was determined using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, anxiety was quantified by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Results: The mean levels of diazepam in the serum were 14.6 ng/ml at T1 (after 30 minutes), 48.6 ng/ml at 4 hours and 28.7 ng/ml at 24 hours after administration. The values at T1 ranged from 0.5 ng/ml to 148.0 ng/ml. We found no relationship between the scores of HAMA and concentrations of diazepam. Anxiety decreased to normal values (HAMA < 13) at the time T1 in all patients. Conclusions: Concentrations of diazepam were lower 30 minutes after the administration than after 4 and 24 hours, respectively. We observed the largest variability in concentrations 30 minutes after the administration, when the concentrations between patients differed 280-times. This finding confirms international experience that IM diazepam administration should not be used. We discuss the differences between individual SPCs and guidelines that force inappropriate use of diazepam IM and do not permit other than off-label use of midazolam. Key words: diazepam – pharmacokinetics – agitation – aggression – intramuscular administration The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and J. Vevera, Z. Oktábec, F. Perlík, V. Marešová, A. Kopecká, J. Raboch, M. Novotná
Jachymski showed that the set $$ \bigg \{(x,y)\in {\bf c}_0\times {\bf c}_0\colon \bigg (\sum _{i=1}^n \alpha (i)x(i)y(i)\bigg )_{n=1}^\infty \text {is bounded}\bigg \} $$ is either a meager subset of ${\bf c}_0\times {\bf c}_0$ or is equal to ${\bf c}_0\times {\bf c}_0$. In the paper we generalize this result by considering more general spaces than ${\bf c}_0$, namely ${\bf C}_0(X)$, the space of all continuous functions which vanish at infinity, and ${\bf C}_b(X)$, the space of all continuous bounded functions. Moreover, we replace the meagerness by $\sigma $-porosity.
Diclofenac is a drug commonly used in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation and pain. Medicinal products enter waste and surface waters on an everyday basis and contaminate the aquatic environment. Fish are therefore permanently exposed to these chemicals dissolved in their aquatic environment. To simulate variable environmental conditions, the aim of our study was to examine adverse effects of diclofenac under different temperatures of cell incubation (18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 °C). Cytotoxic and -static effects of diclofenac in concentrations of 0.001 μg/ml, 0.01 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml for the carp (Cyprinus carpio) cultured leukocytes were quantified using detection of lactate dehydrogenase released from damaged cells. Overall DCF cytotoxicity was relatively low and its impact was pronounced at higher temperature and DCF concentration. Cells growth inhibition is changing more rapidly but it is high mainly at the highest concentration from low temperature. DNA fragmentation was not detected in tested leukocyte cell line. CYP450 increased diclofenac cytotoxicity only at the highest concentration but at incubation temperatures 18 and 27 °C. Leukocyte viability is essential for immune functions and any change can lead to reduction of resistance against pathogens, mainly in cold year seasons, when the immune system is naturally suppressed.