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282. Cestou zážitkové pedagogiky
- Creator:
- Čekanová, Markéta
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- article, text, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Biologické vědy, Techmania science center (projekt), biologie, zážitková pedagogika, studium a výuka, biology, experience pedagogy, study and teaching, Plzeň (Česko), Plzeň (Czechia), vědecké parky, výuka, 2, and 57/59
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Markéta Čekanová.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
283. Challenges of microsatellite development in Lepidoptera: Euphydryas aurinia (Nymphalidae) as a case study
- Creator:
- Sinama, Melthide, Dubut, Vincent, Costedoat, Caroline, Gilles, André, Junker, Marius, Malausa, Thibaut, Martin, Jean-François, Nève, Gabriel, Pech, Nicolas, Schmitt, Thomas, Zimmermann, Marie, and Meglécz, Emese
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, microsatellite, null allele, 454 sequencing, QDD, Euphydryas aurinia, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Currently it remains difficult to obtain robust microsatellite markers for Lepidoptera. In an attempt to overcome the problems associated with developing microsatellite markers for this insect order we combined (i) biotin-enrichment protocol, (ii) next generation pyrosequencing (through 454 GS-FLX Titanium technology) and (iii) the use of individuals collected from eight geographically distant European populations representing three subspecies of Euphydryas aurinia. Out of 96 stringently designed primer pairs, 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci amplified without obvious evidence of null alleles in eight individuals from different subspecies. Between five and seven of these loci showed full within population applicability and three revealed to be robust and transferable between populations and sub-species, providing a first step towards the development of a valuable and robust tool for studying conservation issues and evolution in E. aurinia populations. Nevertheless, as in most studies dealing with Lepidoptera microsatellites, null alleles were detected in most of the developed markers. Our results emphasize the need for further research in order to better understand the complex evolution and organization of Lepidopteran genomes. and Melthide Sinama, Vincent Dubut, Caroline Costedoat, André Gilles, Marius Junker, Thibaut Malausa, Jean-François Martin, Gabriel Nève, Nicolas Pech, Thomas Schmitt, Marie Zimmermann, Emese Meglécz.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
284. Changes in chloroplast ultrastructure in leaves of drought-stressed maize inbred lines
- Creator:
- Shao, R. X., Xin, L. F., Zheng, H. F., Li, L. L., Ran, W. L., Mao, J., and Yang, Q. H.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fotosyntéza, photosynthesis, biomass, chlorophyll, maize, membrane peroxidation, water content, 2, and 581
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Chloroplasts are commonly the site of the earliest abiotic injury visible in plant ultrastructure. In this study, six inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) were used to analyze changes in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and related physiological parameters under conditions of drought stress simulated by 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (-0.6 MPa) for two days. Chloroplasts of three maize lines proved to be more sensitive. They showed changes in the ultrastructure in response to drought, including damage of thylakoid membranes, an increase in the number and size of plastoglobuli, swelling of thylakoid membranes both stromal and granal, disorganization of the thylakoid membrane system, an obvious increase in the intrathylakoid space, and a decrease in the length-to-width ratio and area of chloroplasts. In addition, the contents of malondialdehyde increased markedly in the sensitive lines. Contrary to the sensitive lines, stable structures and shapes of chloroplasts were observed in the drought-resistant lines; it could be considered as an advantage contributing to drought tolerance in the plants. In addition, the drought index of leaf fresh mass (LMDI) in the drought-sensitive lines was ≤ 0.5, which was also associated with a lower content of leaf chlorophyll. In contrast, drought tolerance coincided with lesser growth reduction, and higher LMDI and leaf chlorophyll content., R. X. Shao, L. F. Xin, H. F. Zheng, L. L. Li, W. L. Ran, J. Mao, Q. H. Yang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
285. Changes in photosynthesis, pigment composition and glutathione contents in two Antarctic lichens during a light stress and recovery
- Creator:
- Balarinová, K., Barták, Miloš, Hazdrová, J., Hájek, Josef, and Jílková, J.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fotosyntéza, karotenoidy, lišejníky, photosynthesis, carotenoids, lichenes, Antarktida, Antarctica, chlorophyll fluorescence, performance index, thallus, light stress, 2, and 581
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Over last decades, several studies have been focused on short-term high light stress in lichens under laboratory conditions. Such studies reported a strong photoinhibition of photosynthesis accompanied by a partial photodestruction of PSII, involvement of photoprotective mechanisms, and resynthetic processes into gradual recovery. In our paper, we applied medium [800 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1] light stress to induce negative changes in PSII funcioning as well as pigment and glutathione (GSH) content in two Antarctic fruticose lichen species. Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters, such as potential and effective quantum yield of photosynthetic processes and fast transients (OJIP) recorded during high light exposition and recovery, revealed that Usnea antarctica was less susceptible to photoinhibition than U. aurantiaco-atra. This might be supported by a more pronounced high light-induced reduction in Chl a and b contents in U. aurantiaco-atra compared with U. antarctica. In both experimental species, total GSH showed an initial increase during the first 30-40 min of high light treatment followed by a decrease (60 min) and an increase during dark recovery. Full GSH recovery, however, was not finished in U. aurantiaco-atra even after 5 h indicating lower capacity of photoprotective mechanisms in the species. OJIP curves showed high light-induced decrease in both species, however, the recovery of the OJIPs shape to pre-photoinhibitory values was faster and more apparent in U. antarctica than in U. aurantiaco-atra. The results are discussed in terms of sensitivity of the two species to photoinhibition and their photosynthetic performance in natural environment., K. Balarinová, M. Barták, J. Hazdrová, J. Hájek, J. Jílková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
286. Changes in photosynthetic activity in five common hybrids of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings under water deficit
- Creator:
- Suresh, K., Nagamani, C., Kantha, D. L., and Kumar, M. K.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, drought, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., gas exchange, stomatal conductance, water deficit, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- The leaf water potential, gas-exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence were evaluated in five common oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tenera hybrids 913X1988, 1425X2277, 748X1988, 7418X1988, and 690X1988 under water deficit with an aim to identify hybrids which can cope up better under such conditions and understand possible differences among hybrids in relation to the physiological mechanisms triggered by water deficit. Our findings indicate oil palm hybrids 913X1988, 1425X2277, and 7418X1988 maintained higher leaf water potentials than the other hybrids. Hybrids 7418X1988 and 1425X2277 recorded lower stomatal conductance after water deficit, which resulted in higher intrinsic water-use efficiency. The excess light energy produced due to decreased photosynthesis in 7418X1988 and 690X1988 hybrids under water deficit was dissipated as heat by higher nonphotochemical quenching. The maximum efficiency of photosystem II was not affected, even after withholding water for 24 days, suggesting an increased efficiency of photoprotection mechanisms in all these oil palm hybrids., K. Suresh ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
287. Changes in plant growth and photosynthetic performance of Zizania latifolia exposed to different phosphorus concentrations under hydroponic condition
- Creator:
- Yan, N., Zhang, Y.-L., Xue, H.-M., Zhang, X.-H., Wang, Z.-D., Shi, L.-Y., and Guo, D.-P.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fotosyntéza, photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, growth characteristics, phosphorus availability, 2, and 581
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- The effects of phosphate concentration on plant growth and photosynthetic performance were examined in leaves of Zizania latifolia. Plants were grown for four weeks in a solution containing 0, 0.16, 0.64, and 2.56 mM orthophosphate. The results showed that the highest net photosynthetic rate (P N) was achieved at 0.64 mM orthophosphate, which corresponded to the maximum content of organic phosphorus in leaves. Low phosphorus (low-P) content in the culture solution inhibited plant growth, affecting plant height, leaf length, leaf number, tiller number, and fresh mass of leaf, sheath, culm, root, and total plant. In addition, we observed that low-P (0.16 mM) did not hinder the growth of roots but increased the root:shoot ratio, and significantly decreased the chlorophyll content, P N, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, but increased the intercellular CO2 concentration. Additionally, low-P significantly decreased the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco, the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transport rate, but increased the nonphotochemical quenching. However, the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry was not significantly affected by low-P. High phosphorus (2.56 mM) caused only a slight decrease in gas-exchange parameters. Therefore, the decrease in growth of P-deficient Z. latifolia plants could be attributed to the lowered photosynthetic rate., N. Yan, Y.-L. Zhang, H.-M. Xue, X.-H. Zhang, Z.-D. Wang, L.-Y. Shi, D.-P. Guo., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
288. Changes in stomatal characteristics and photochemical efficiency during leaf development in six species of Sorbus
- Creator:
- Čaňová, I., Ďurkovič, J., Hladká, D., and Lukáčik, Ivan
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, phenological stages, photochemical efficiency, Sorbus chamaemespilus, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Measurements of Sorbus stomata size and density, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), variable-to-initial fluorescence ratio (Fv/F0) and potential electron acceptor capacity (‘area’) were performed during leaf development in four parental diploid species, S. aria, S. aucuparia, S. chamaemespilus, S. torminalis, and two hybrid species, S. hazslinszkyana and S. intermedia. In fully expanded mature leaves, stomata lengths and densities were significantly larger in the shrub S. chamaemespilus than in the five tree species. The best performance of both the Fv/Fm and the Fv/F0 ratio was recorded in S. intermedia, whereas S. chamaemespilus had the highest value of ‘area’. From a physiological point of view, the results of this study showed that the photosystem II reaction centers remained intact functionally through all phenological stages of leaf expansion for all examined species of Sorbus., I. Čaňová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
289. Changes in the calling behaviour of female Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as a function of body weight and adult feeding
- Creator:
- Sadek, Medhat M.
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Spodoptera littoralis, body weight, calling behaviour, adult food, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Because nutrients accrued during larval stages represent the major limiting factor for egg production, the use of adult feeding to enhance the reproductive output in moths is considered to be largely weight-dependent. It is hypothesized, however, that feeding by adults could be adaptive and an effective means of increasing their reproductive success. In order to test this, the calling behaviour of Spodoptera littoralis females that differed in body weight and whether they had fed or not were recorded. Two experiments were carried out. In the first, the calling behaviour of food-deprived females of different body weights was recorded. A strong positive correlation was found between body weight at emergence and the total duration of calling of females on the second to the fifth night after emergence. In the second experiment, groups of female moths that varied in body weight were given access to water or sucrose. Feeding on sucrose significantly reduced the pre-calling period and increased the total time spent calling on the six nights after emergence. The increase in time spent calling associated with ingesting sucrose were proportionately similar for both small and large females, implying that feeding by adults can result in an increase in the time spent calling by moths irrespective of larval nutritional status. Female longevity was also correlated with moth weight at emergence and/or sucrose availability. It is concluded that it is advantageous for female S. littoralis to be large and/or have access to sucrose-rich food in the adult stage as they can spend more time attracting a mate, which increases their chances of mating in early adult life, and their longer adult life may indirectly result in an increase in fecundity., Medhat M. Sadek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
290. Changes in the life history traits of the European Map butterfly, Araschnia levana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with increase in altitude
- Creator:
- Wagner, Kathrin D., Krauss, Jochen, and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Zoologie, entomologie, Nymphalidae, Araschnia levana, global change, altitudinal gradients, trophic interactions, geographical synchronisation, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Climatic conditions can modify the life history traits, population dynamics and biotic interactions of species. Therefore, adaptations to environmental factors such as temperature are crucial for species survival at different altitudes. These adaptive responses, genetically fixed or plastic (phenotypic plasticity), can be determined by physiological thresholds and might vary between sexes. The objective of this study was to determine whether the life history traits of the European Map butterfly (Araschnia levana) differ at different altitudes. A field experiment was carried out along an altitudinal gradient from 350 to 1010 m a.s.l. in a low mountainous region (Bavaria, Germany). 540 butterfly larvae were placed at different altitudes in 18 planted plots of their larval host plant, the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). After three weeks the larvae were collected and reared under laboratory conditions. Developmental traits of the butterflies, mortality and percentage parasitism were measured. Larval development was generally slower at higher altitudes and lower temperatures and larval weight decreased with increasing altitude and decreasing temperature. However, there were no significant differences in pupation, adult lifespan and percentage mortality at the different altitudes and temperatures. Female larvae were heavier than those of males, and the pupal and adult lifespans were longer in females than in males. However, male and female butterflies reacted similarly to altitude and temperature (no significant interactions). None of the 188 larvae collected were parasitized. In conclusion, the phenotypic plasticity of European Map butterfly has enabled it to adapt to different temperatures, but the strategies of the sexes did not differ. and Kathrin D. Wagner, Jochen Krauss, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public