Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, and is an important etiological factor in the development of hypertension. Recent experimental evidence suggests that subpressor doses of angiotensin II elevate oxidative stress and blood pressure. We aimed to investigate the oxidative stress related mechanism by which a subpressor dose of angiotensin II induces hypertension in a normotensive rat model. Normotensive male Wistar rats were infused with a subpressor dose of angiotensin II for 28 days. The control group was sham operated and infused with saline only. Plasma angiotensin II and H2O2 levels, whole-blood glutathione peroxidase, and AT-1a, Cu/Zn SOD, and p22phox mRNA expression in the aorta was assessed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were elevated in the experimental group. There was no change in angiotensin II levels, but a significant increase in AT-1a mRNA expression was found in the experimental group. mRNA expression of p22phox was increased significantly and Cu/Zn SOD decreased significantly in the experimental group. There was no significant change to the H2O2 and GPx levels. Angiotensin II manipulates the free radical-antioxidant balance in the vasculature by selectively increasing O2 - production and decreasing SOD activity and causes an oxidative stress induced elevation in blood pressure in the Wistar rat., M. M. Govender, A. Nadar., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We hypothesized that hypertension-related myocardial remodeling characterized by hypertrophy and fibrosis might be accompanied by cell-to-cell gap junction alterations that may account for increased arrhythmogenesis. Intercellular junctions and expression of gap junction protein connexin-43 were analyzed in rat heart tissues from both spontaneous (SHR) and L-NAME model of hypertension. Isolated heart preparation was used to examine susceptibility of the heart to lethal ventricular fibrillation induced by low potassium perfusion. Ultrastructure observation revealed enhanced neoformation of side-to-side type while internalization of end-to-end type (intercalated disc-related) of gap junctions prevailed in the myocardium of rats suffering from either spontaneous or L-NAME-induced hypertension. In parallel, immunolabeling showed increased number of connexin-43 positive gap junctions in lateral cell membrane surfaces, particularly in SHR. Besides, focal loss of immunopositive signal was observed more frequently in hearts of rats treated with L-NAME. There was a significantly higher incidence of hypokalemia-induced ventricular fibrillation in hypertensive compared to normotensive rat hearts. We conclude that adaptation of the heart to hypertension-induced mechanical overload results in maladaptive gap junction remodeling that consequently promotes development of fatal arrhythmias., M. Fialová, K. Dlugošová, L. Okrouhlicová, F. Kristek, M. Manoach, N. Tribulová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a biblioigrafické údaje
We investigated the effects of telmisartan, the blocker of angiotensin II receptor 1, on the regulation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and oxidative stress through endothelial nitric oxide (NO) release in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). SHRs randomly received placebo, oral feeding of telmisartan (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) every day and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) served as normotensive control. The SBP of rat was measured before and weekly thereafter. After a total of 8-week treatment, rats were killed for experimental measurements. Parameters that subject to measurements in isolated aorta endothelial cells include: NO concentration, protein expression levels of angiotensin II receptor 1, nitrotyrosine, 8-isoprostane, SOD, PI3K, Akt, AMPK and eNOS. In addition, L-NMMA, a general inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, was also applied to test the inhibition of NO concentration. We found that SBPs were significantly lower in telmisartan therapy group than in placebo treated hypertensive rats and WKYs (p<0.05). The NO concentration was significantly higher in telmisartan-treated group with increased activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway and activated eNOS signaling. Blockade of Akt activity reversed such effects. Activation of AMPK also contributed to the phosphorylation of eNOS. L-NMMA treatment reduced less NO concentration in SHR rats than the telmisartan co-treated groups. Oxidative stress in SHRs was also attenuated by telmisartan administration, shown by reduced formation of nitrotyrosine, 8-isoprostane, and recovered SOD protein level. Telmisartan enhanced NO release by activating the PI3K/Akt system, AMPK phosphorylation and eNOS expression, which attenuated the blood pressure and oxidative stress in SHRs., L. Xu, Y. Liu., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Accumulating evidence indicates that hypertension is associated with "ion channel remodeling" of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exercise intensity/volume on hypertension-associated changes in large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels in mesenteric arteries (MAs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male SHRs were randomly assigned to three groups: a low-intensity aerobic exercise group (SHR-L: 14 m/min), a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group (SHR-M: 20 m/min), and a sedentary group (SHR). Age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) were used as normotensive controls. Exercise groups completed an 8-week exercise program. Elevation of the α and β1 proteins was unequal in MA myocytes from SHRs, with the β1 subunit increasing more than the α subunit. BKCa contribution to vascular tone regulation was higher in the myocytes and arteries of SHRs compared to WKYs. SHR BKCa channel subunit protein expression, β1/α ratio, whole cell current density and single-channel open probability was also increased compared with WKYs. Aerobic exercise lowered systemic blood pressure and normalized hypertension-associated BKCa alterations to normotensive control levels in the SHRs. These effects were more pronounced in the moderate-intensity group than in the low-intensity group. There is a dose-effect for aerobic exercise training in the range of low to moderate-intensity and accompanying volume for the correction of the pathological adaptation of BKCa channels in myocytes of MAs from SHR., Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, L. Zhang, N. Lu, L. Shi., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) is an important candidate gene region in essential hypertension. We therefore studied the association of -344T/C polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene with the presence and severity of hypertension in a case-control study. We studied 369 individuals, of whom 213 were hypertensive patients (139 controlled hypertensive, 74 resistant hypertensive) and 156 were healthy normotensive subjects. The -344T/C polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene was determined using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The distribution of genotypes in normotensive controls and hypertensive subjects were: TT 25.6 vs. 31.9 %, TC 51.9 vs. 57.3 % and CC 22.4 vs. 10.8 %. The -344T/C variant was associated with hypertension. Subjects carrying the -344T allele had a greater risk of hypertension compared to those having C allele (χ2=5.89, p<0.05). The frequency of CC genotype was significantly lower in hypertensive patients than in normotensive controls ( χ2=9.44, p<0.01). A stepwise logistic regression analysis confirmed these findings. We did not find an association of -344T/C variant with the resistance of hypertensive patients to combination therapy, but we observed an association of -344T/C polymorphism of aldosterone synthase gene with increased risk of hypertension. These results support a potential role of -344T/C CYP11B2 gene polymorphism in genetic predisposition to develop hypertension., Z. Hlubocká ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The production of the pineal hormone melatonin is synchronized with day-night cycle via multisynaptic pathway including suprachiasmatic nucleus linking several physiological functions to diurnal cycle. The recent data indicate that impaired melatonin production is involved in several cardiovascular pathologies including hypertension and ischemic heart disease. However, the mechanisms of melatonin effect on cardiovascular system are still not completely understood. The activation of melatonin receptors on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells and antioxidant properties of melatonin could be responsible for the melatonin effects on vascular tone. However, the data from in vitro studies are controversial making the explanation of the melatonin effect on blood pressure in vivo difficult. In vivo, melatonin also attenuates sympathetic tone by direct activation of melatonin receptors, scavenging free radicals or increasing NO availability in the central nervous system. The central and peripheral antiadrenergic action of chronic melatonin treatment might eliminate the mechanisms counter-regulating decreased blood pressure, providing thus additional cardioprotective mechanism. The extraordinary antioxidant activity and antilipidemic effects of melatonin may enhance the modulation of blood pressure by melatonin and probably play the most important role in the amelioration of target organ damage by chronic melatonin treatment. Further investigation of these mechanisms should provide novel knowledge about pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, additional explanation for their circadian and seasonal variability and potentially generate new impulses for the development of therapeutic arsenal., Ľ. Paulis, F. Šimko., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Present study was aimed to investigate sympathetic responses to mental stress with hypothesis that the presence of obesity in patients with hypertension has a modifying effect. Young male subjects, 8 with hypertension grade I, with BMI<25 kg/m2 (HT), 10 with hypertension grade I, and BMI>30 kg/m2 (HT OB), 14 healthy controls with BMI<30 kg/m2 (OB), and 13 healthy controls with BMI<25 kg/m2 (C) underwent the Stroop test. ECG was recorded continuously to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV). Blood pressure (BP) and catecholamine concentrations were measured at baseline, at the end of mental stress test and 15 min thereafter. Patients with HT demonstrated increased adrenaline concentrations and enhanced stress-induced noradrenaline release compared to that in healthy controls. In obese subjects, stress-induced increase of systolicBP was lower compared to lean individuals. Stress exposure induced a significant rise in the low frequency power component of HRV, however the increase was lower in the HT OB group compared to C. Obesity in patients with hypertension did not lead to a different reaction in comparison with lean hypertensive subjects. The present data demonstrate higher sympathoadrenal activity in early-stage of hypertension. Obesity is connected with higher resting systolicBP and modifies the HRV response to mental stress., A. Garafova, A. Penesova, E. Cizmarova, A. Marko, M. Vlcek, D. Jezova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). Our aim was to determine the activities of circulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with HF in respect of gender, comorbidities and treatment (n=51). We did not reveal any differences in circulating pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 activities between the patients with HF and without it. However, there was a decrease in activity of pro-MMP-2 in treated hypertensive participants versus healthy ones. In contrast, we observed increased pro-MMP-2 activity in hypertensive participants with coexistent HF versus hypertensive participants without HF. In addition, a decrease in pro-MMP-2 activity was shown in women suffering from HF versus men suffering from HF. In conclusion, potential inhibitory effect of antihypertensive treatment on pro-MMP-2 activity was found. Coexistent HF with hypertension probably reduces the inhibitory effect of antihypertensive treatment on pro-MMP-2 activity. Our data also suggest the role of potential cardioprotective factors influencing the activity of pro-MMP-2 in women., E. Giannakos, E. Vardali, M. Bartekova, M. Fogarassyova, M. Barancik, J. Radosinska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We aimed to compare the effects of chronic and acute administration of structurally different antihypertensives, diuretics - indapamide and hydrochlorothiazide, ACE inhibitor - captopril and indapamide+captopril combination on endothelium-dependent relaxation of femoral artery isolated from nitric oxide (NO)-deficient rats. In the chronic experiment, femoral artery was isolated from Wistar rats receiving L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) solely or with indapamide (1 mg/kg/day), hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg/day), captopril (10 mg/kg/day), and indapamide+captopril combination for seven weeks. In the acute in vitro experiment, the incubation medium with femoral artery isolated from L-NAMEhypertensive rats was supplemented with investigated antihypertensives in the same concentration 10-4 mol/l. Interestingly, chronic L-NAME treatment did not cause a reduction of vasorelaxation. Indapamide+captopril elevated relaxation above the control level and completely prevented blood pressure increase induced by L-NAME. Acute incubation with captopril only or indapamide+captopril improved relaxation of femoral artery isolated from L-NAMEhypertensive rats, while the incubation with all antihypertensives increased vasorelaxation of femoral artery isolated from control Wistar rats. In conclusion, NO might be involved in the indapamide- and hydrochlorothiazide-induced improvement of vasorelaxation, while different vasorelaxing factors (prostacyclin, EDHF) contribute to the captoprilinduced improvement of vasorelaxation. During the chronic treatment additive and synergic effects of indapamide and captopril may contribute to the prevention of hypertension and increase of vasorelaxation., M. Sládková, S. Kojšová, L. Jendeková, O. Pecháňová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The mechanisms and myocardial alterations associated with NO-deficient hypertension are still far from clear. The aim of the present study was to focus on the enzyme histochemical and subcellular changes in the heart of L-NAME treated rats, as well as to examine the influence of captopril treatment. Wistar rats were administered either L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day) alone or together with captopril (100 mg/kg/day) for a period of 4 weeks. A significant increase of blood pressure confirmed the reliability of the model. The results showed that long-lasting L-NAME administration was accompanied by a decrease of endothelial NO-synthase activity and by a significant local decrease of the following enzyme activities: capillary-related alkaline phosphatase, 5’-nucleotidase and ATPase (but not dipeptidyl peptidase IV) and cardiomyocyte-related glycogen phosphorylase, succinic dehydrogenase, ß-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and ATPases. No activity of these enzymes was found in the scar, whereas a marked increase of alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activities was found in the foci of fibrotization. Histochemical changes correlated with subcellular changes, which were characterized by 1) apparent fibroblast activation associated with interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, 2) heterogeneous population of the normal, hypertrophic and injured cardiomyocytes, 3) enhancement of the atrial granules and their translocation into the sarcolemma, and 4) impairment of capillaries as well as by induction of angiogenesis. Similar alterations were also found in the heart of captopril co-treated rats, despite of the significant suppression of blood pressure. The results indicate that NO-deficient hypertension is accompanied by metabolic disturbances and ultrastructural alterations of the heart and these changes are probably not induced by the renin-angiotensin system only., N. Tribulová, Ľ. Okruhlicová, I. Bernátová, O. Pecháňová., and Obsahuje bibliografii