The development of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) can be elicited by an immediate epidural balloon compression of the thoracic spinal cord. To evaluate whether a slower balloon inflation could prevent NPE development, we examined the extent of NPE in animals lesioned with a rapid (5 μl - 5 μl - 5 μl) or slow rate (3 μl - 2 μl - 2 μl - 2 μl - 2 μl - 2 μl - 2 μl) of balloon inflation. These groups were compared with the NPE model (immediate inflation to 15 μl) and with healthy controls. Slow balloon inflation prevented NPE development, whereas the pulmonary index and histology revealed a massive pulmonary edema in the group with a rapid rate of balloon inflation. Pulmonary edema was preceded by a considerable decrease in heart rate during the inflation procedure. Moreover, rapid inflation of balloon in spinal channel to either 5 μl or 10 μl did not cause NPE. Thus, a slow rate of balloon inflation in the thoracic epidural space prevents the development of neurogenic pulmonary edema, most likely due to the better adaptation of the organism to acute circulatory changes (rapid elevation of systemic blood pressure accompanied by profound heart rate reduction) during the longer balloon inflation period. It should be noted that spinal cord transection at the same level did not cause neurogenic pulmonary edema., J. Šedý ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Arterial wall stiffness is considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between clinical, 24-hour, average day-time and night-time blood pressure (BP) and measures of arterial stiffness assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) (using SphygmoCor applanation tonometer) in essential hypertension (severe-resistant (RH, n=29) and moderate hypertension (EH, n=35)) and in normotensive control subjects (n-29) (NCS) matched by age. After multiple regression analysis, PWV remains significantly correlated mainly with night-time pulse pressure and to a lesser extent with age. PWV was significantly higher in RH compared to moderate EH and NCS., J. Rosa, B. Štrauch, O. Petrák, T. Pikus, R. Holaj, T. Zelinka, D. Wichterle, J. Widimský Jr., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Disturbed circadian activity of the sympathetic system may be involved in negative consequences of chronodisruption on the cardiovascular system. We studied daily changes in pressure response to adrenergic stimulation in rats exposed to repeated phase advance shifts (PAS) of light/dark (LD) regimen. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and locomotor activity was measured by radiotelemetry in normotensive Wistar rats exposed to repeated PAS (three 8-h shifts per week) lasting for 12 weeks. Norepinephrine was administered subcutaneously in the middle of L and D during week 12 of PAS exposure. In the control LD cycle, cardiovascular parameters exhibited significant daily rhythms with expected higher values during D than L phase. Rats exposed to PAS showed disturbed rhythms without a BP and HR increase. Administration of norepinephrine to control rats revealed daily variability in the cardiovascular response with higher stimulation of BP during L than D. This daily pattern of BP response to norepinephrine was diminished in the PAS group. The damped daily variability in pressure response to norepinephrine and augmented response during the light phase of the day suggest that the increased and desynchronized activity of the sympathetic system may worsen responses of the cardiovascular system to load in individuals exposed to irregular LD conditions., L. Molcan, A. Vesela, M. Zeman., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Increased blood pressure variability (BPV) and decreased interbeat interval (heart rate, respectively) variability (IBIV, HRV respectively) are associated with cardiovascular disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of BPV and IBIV (HRV) in young healthy individuals. Blood pressure and inter-beat intervals (instantaneous values of heart rate, respectively) were recorded beat-to-beat at rest (5 min, Finapres, breathing at 0.33 Hz) in 152 subjects (19-24 years) 3 times in periods of one week. Systolic (SBPV0.1r/SBPV0.1a) and diastolic (DBPV0.1r/DBPV0.1a) blood pressure variability in relative (r.u.) and absolute (mmHg2/Hz) units and inter-beat interval (IBIV0.1r/IBIV0.1a,), or heart rate (HRV0.1r/HRV0.1a) variability in relative (r.u.) and absolute (ms2/Hz, resp. mHz2) units were determined by the spectral method as spectral power at the frequency of 0.1 Hz and 0.33 Hz (SBPV0.33r/SBPV0.33a, DBPV0.33r/DBPV0.33a, IBIV0.33r/IBIV0.33a, HRV0.33r/HRV0.33a). All indices of BPV and IBIV (resp. HRV) revealed a lower intraindividual than interindividual variability (ANOVA; p<0.001). The mean values of all indices in each subject significantly correlated with distribution of individual values in the same subject (Pearson's correlation coefficient; p<0.001). Blood pressure and inter-beat interval (heart rate) variability is an individual characteristic feature., M. Jíra ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
As wine polyphenols were show n to possess many positive effects in mammals, including improvement of vascular function, this study investigated the effect of the Slovak Alibernet red wine extract (AWE) on blood pressure and vascular function in young normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Six weeks old, male, WKY and SHR were treated with AWE for three weeks at the dose of 24.2 mg/kg/day. Blood pressure (BP), determined by tail-cuff plethysmography, was significantly elevated in SHR vs. WKY and AWE failed to affect it. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Vascular function was assessed in rings of the femoral artery using Mulvany-Halpern’s myograph. Maximal endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (ACh)-induced rela xation was reduced in control SHR vs. WKY rats by approximatel y 9.3 %, which was associated with a significant decrease of its NO-independent component. AWE failed to affect maximal AC h-induced relaxation, both its NO-dependent and independen t components, compared to controls of the same genotype. AWE however reduced lipid peroxidation in the left ventricle of both WKY and SHR and in the liver of SHR. In conclusion, three-week administration of AWE failed to reduce BP and to improve endothelial function in the femoral arteries of both genotypes investigated., P. Bališ ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Příliš vysoký přívod sodíku je spojován s řadou zdravotních komplikací, především s hypertenzí. Data o spotřebě potvrzují vysoký přívod sodíku v mnoha zemích světa. Ve většině případů je daleko vyšší než uvádí doporučení (2 g sodíku/den). Hypertenze je významným rizikovým faktorem pro kardiovaskulární onemocnění a s nimi spojená úmrtí. Mnoho studií potvrdilo, že snížením přívodu sodíku dochází ke snížení tlaku krve (TK). U normotenzních jedinců není pokles TK tak významný jako u hypertenzních, přesto převládá názor, že i mírné snížení přívodu sodíku může mít dlouhodobý pozitivní vliv na zdraví populace. Odhady naznačují, že snížení denního přívodu sodíku o 3 g by mohlo snížit výskyt ischemické choroby srdeční (ICHS) o 10 % a výskyt cévní mozkové příhody (CMP) o 13 %. Reakce organismu na přívod sodíku může být různá. U některých osob dojde po snížení přívodu sodíku k výraznému poklesu tlaku krve. V souvislosti s tím se používá termín citlivost na sůl. Častěji se vyskytuje u starších osob a u Afroameričanů. Je podmíněná geneticky. Dalším onemocněním dávaným do souvislosti se sodíkem je onemocnění ledvin. Studie potvrdily vliv redukce přívodu sodíku na proteinurii a albuminurii. Přívod sodíku může mít vliv také na hypertrofii levé komory, nelze však s jistotou prokázat, zda jde opravdu o jev nezávislý na tlaku krve. Sůl a solené potraviny jsou označovány za pravděpodobnou příčinu nádorového onemocnění žaludku. Vysoký přívod soli může vyvolat atrofickou gastritidu a ovlivnit i další stadia patogeneze. Zvýšená spotřeba sodíku vede ke zvýšené exkreci vápníku močí. Výsledky studií zaměřených na potvrzení souvislosti mezi přívodem sodíku a dalšími ukazateli osteoporózy, jako jsou markery kostní resorpce nebo výskyt zlomenin, jsou však nekonzistentní. Ve starší literatuře se objevovaly zmínky o možné souvislosti sodíku a astmatu. Autoři nejnovější přehledové studie došli k závěru, že snížení přívodu sodíku nemá větší vliv na zlepšení astmatu. Téma sodíku je i přes množství realizovaných studií stále kontroverzní. K objasnění zůstává mnoho nejasných vztahů a příčinných souvislostí. I přes tyto nejasnosti se zdá, že snižování přívodu sodíku v populaci má význam., Excessive sodium intake is associated with many health complications, especially hypertension. Data on sodium intake show too high consumption in many countries around the world. In many cases sodium intake exceeds recommendation for adults, which is 2 g sodium/day. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Many studies have confirmed that dietary sodium reduction reduces blood pressure (BP). BP reduction was less significant in normotensive individuals than in individuals with hypertension. Nevertheless, there is a consensus that even a moderate decreasing in sodium intake is likely to have a beneficial impact on public health. Estimates suggest that a reduction of 3 g of daily sodium intake would reduce ischemic heart disease by 10% and strokes by 13%. BP response to change in dietary sodium varies widely among individuals. Significant BP reduction is evident in some patients following decreased sodium intake. This heterogeneity led to a concept of salt sensitivity. It is more common among the elderly and African-Americans. Salt sensitivity is determined genetically. Another disease associated with sodium intake is kidney disease. Studies have confirmed the effect of reducing sodium intake on proteinuria and albuminuria. Sodium intake can affect left ventricular hypertrophy but it is impossible to prove whether it is independent of blood pressure. Salt and salted foods have been identified as a probable risk factor of stomach cancer. High salt intake can induce gastric atrophy and affect the other stages of pathogenesis. Increased consumption of sodium leads also to increased urinary calcium excretion. Relationship between sodium intake and other indicators like bone biomarkers or fractures is unclear. Some older studies suggest that dietary sodium can be related to asthma. Authors of the latest systematic review have concluded, that there is no evidence that reduction of sodium intake improves asthma control. Despite the number of completed studies, the question of sodium intake is still controversial. There is a plethora of unclear causal relationships. Regardless of these uncertainties, it seems that sodium intake reduction is beneficial for the population., Marie Šubrtová, Halina Matějová, and Literatura
The significance of intracavitary, intraorgan, hypertension syndrome identification as a novel uniform (model) pattern of a pathological process is substantiated in the in the article based on currently available literature sources and clinical practice experience. A conformity analysis of the considered pathological syndromes and model pathological processes criteria is presented with reference to data on etiology, pathogenesis, anatomical and some ontogenetic suppositions and stipulations. Criteria for the studied pathological conditions differentiation in clinical practice are proposed., Ville Timerbulatov, Shamil Timerbulatov, and Literatura
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous “gasotransmitter”, exists in the central nervous system. However, the central cardiovascular effects of endogenous H2S are not fully determined. The present study was designed to investigate the central cardiovascular effects and its possible mechanism in anesthetized rats. Intracerebrovent ricular (icv) injection of NaHS (0.17~17 μ g) produced a significant and dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) (P<0.05) compared to control. The higher dose of NaHS (17 μ g, n=6) decreased BP and HR quickly of rats and 2 of them died of respiratory paralyse. Icv injection of the cystathionine beta-synthetase (CBS) activator s-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM, 26 μ g) also produced a significant hypotension and bradycardia, which were similar to the results of icv injection of NaHS. Furthermore, the hypotension and bradycardia induced by icv NaHS were effectively attenuated by pretreatment with the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide but not with the CBS inhibitor hydroxylamine. The present study suggests that icv injection of NaHS produces hypotension and bradycardia, which is dependent on the KATP channel activation., W.-Q. Liu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecules are a group of high molecular weight, negatively charged polysaccharides present abundantly in the mammalian organism. By their virtue of ion and water binding capacity, they may affect the redistribution of body fluids and ultimately the blood pressure. Data from the literature suggests that the mitogens Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C are able to regulate the amount and charge density of GAGs and their detachment from the cell surface. Based on these findings we investigated the relationship between the level of dietary sodium intake, the expression levels of VEGF-A and VEGF-C, and the amount of the skin GAGs hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in an in vivo rat model. Significant correlation between dietary sodium intake, skin sodium levels and GAG content was found. We confirmed the GAG synthesizing role of VEGF-C but failed to prove that GAGs are degraded by VEGF-A. No significant difference in blood pressure was registered between the different dietary groups. A quotient calculated form the ion and water content of the skin tissue samples suggests that - in contrast to previous findings - the osmotically inactive ions and bound water fractions are proportional., D. Sugár, R. Agócs, E. Tatár, G. Tóth, P. Horváth, E. Sulyok, A. J. Szabó., and Obsahuje bibliografii