Speleothems in 6 sandstone caves in the Bohemian Paradise (Český ráj) were dated by means of 14C and U-series methods. Stable isotopes of C and O, FAAS, IR, XRD, XRF and SEM were used to characterize the carbonate material and its source. Stable isotopes (C and O) composition of speleothems in two caves corresponds to values characteristic for cave speleothems in Central Europe. In other caves they indicate evaporation and fast carbon dioxide escape during carbonate precipitation. The speleothems from the Krtola Cave were deposited between 8 and 13 kyr BP. Speleothems were deposited 5-8 kyr BP in the Sintrová, Mrtvé Údolí and U Studánky caves. Calcite coatings on smooth sandstone surfaces in studied caves demonstrate that cave walls did not retreat even a few mm in the last 5-8 kyr since speleothem deposition and are thus not evolving under recent climatic conditions. Most of the cave ceilings and walls are at present time indurated by hardened surfaces, which protect the sandstone from erosion. Sandstone caves probably intensively evolved either during or at the end of the Last Glacial period. There are two different erosion mechanisms which might have formed/reshaped the caves at that time: A) In the case of permafrost conditions: Repeated freeze/melt cycles affecting sandstone pore space followed by the transport of fallen sand grains by minor temporary trickles. We expect that heat was transmitted by air circulating between the cave and the surface; B) Seepage erosion of sandstone during the melting of permafrost, prior forming of case hardening., Jiří Bruthans, Jana Schweigstillová, Petr Jenč, Zdeňka Churáčková and Petr Bezdička., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ageing is process that is always gendered. Gender shapes the life biography and the norms and expectations that are imposed on individuals as they age. On the other hand, the experience of ageing affects the mechanism of creating and negotiating gender identity. This article critically discusses debates surrounding gender inequalities in old age. These debates often focus on older women as a group that is highly disadvantaged owing to the combined effects of sexism and ageism. This article critically discusses this “problem of old women” and shows alternative views of women’s experiences of ageing. It highlights the necessity to understand age and gender as two intertwining systems. It points out that ageing can in many respects create room for a redefinition of gender roles and expectation. The intersection of age and gender cannot be seen as a simple combination of two categories and must instead be viewed as a process that creates a specific social location, which can generate new forms of inequalities., Jaroslava Hasmanová Marhánková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of this study is to find out which characteristics affect the age identity of individuals. The main question is: What determines whether the people in the Czech Republic find themselves young, middle aged or old? Two alternative hypotheses were tested: a) the age identity is mainly influenced by person's family and working roles; b) the age identity is primarily a function of person’s chronological age and his health. While the second hypothesis understands the age identity as an ordinal variable, the first hypothesis views values of youth, middle age and old age as three different nominal constructs. The question is answered by analysis of quantitative data from European Social Survey Round 4. The sample contains 1864 respondents aged 20-95. Author uses binary logistic regression to find models for adopting age identities in different age categories. The second hypothesis of age identity being primarily an effect of age and health is proved. The influence of some family and working roles on age identity are, however, also discussed., Romana Trusinová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Problematika demencí a přístupů k pacientům trpícím touto chorobou je vzhledem ke stárnutí populace v západní a střední Evropě stále aktuálnějším tématem. Demence je spojená s deficitem hlavně v kognitivní oblasti; tento fakt též přitahuje největší pozornost výzkumu. Na tuto oblast se specializuje zejména terapie zaměřená na orientaci pacienta v realitě, terapie zaměřená na zvýšení funkčnosti kognitivních schopností a též reminiscenční terapie. Přístupy zaměřené na chování usilují o korekci problémového chování a na vedení k soběstačnosti. Na emocionalitu je zaměřená terapie validace a rozeznávání. Rozvíjejí se též přístupy, které využívají aktivitu a různé druhy stimulace. Problematika přístupů k pacientům trpícím demencí musí však být i nadále předmětem hlubšího výzkumu.
Stať přináší přehled nových poznatků souvisejících s problematikou stárnutí a stáří. Popisuje negativní stereotypy spojené se stárnutím a upozorňuje na nejnovější poznatky diferenciální gerontologie. Zabývá se tzv. úspěšným stárnutím a jeho sebehodnocením. Popisuje očekávání spojená se stárnutím i to, jak se v procesu stárnutí a ve stáří mění některé funkce a procesy. and Psychosocial aspects of aging
The paper offers an overview of new findings related to aging and old age. The author describes negative stereotypes about aging and old age and draws attention to the latest findings of differential gerontology. The author focuses on so-called successful aging and its self-assessment. She describes the expectations related to aging as well as the changes in some functions and processes during aging and old age.