In June 1997, the ASCR signed an agreement with the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching (Germany) and became the operator of the Asterix IV laser. This facility provides the basis for experimental research in the field of high-power lasers and their applications, notably in the physics of laser plasmas. The Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) has been made use of by the wider international research community. From 2000-2003, the European experiments at PALS were supported through the 5th Framework Programme of EU, in the frame of the Transnational Access to Major Research Infrastructure action. Since 2004, the laboratory participates at an Integrated Infrastucture Initiative project of the Consortium (6th FP). and Marina Hužvárová.
Decrees of the President of the Republic, more commonly known as the Beneš decrees, were a series of laws that were drafted by the Czechslovak Government-in-Exile in the absence of the Czechoslovak parliament during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in World War II and issued by President Edvard Beneš. This article deals with this for the Czech history important topic und it analyses, how these decrees perceives Czech society. The theoretical background captures the concept of the historical memory (M. Halbwachs). Important finding is, that it‘s slightly increasing the number of people who promote their boundless force., Lukáš Novotný., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
We studied delayed effects of elevated plasma levels of corticosterone (Cort) on volumetry, neuronal quantity, and gross marks of neurodegeneration in the hippocampal formation of Long-Evans rats. Animals were exposed to increased CORT levels for three weeks via implanted subcutaneous pellets. Volumetry, neuronal quantification and gros s marks of degeneration were measured seven weeks after the termination of CORT treatment. We observed significant differences in volumes and especially in laterality of hippocampal subfields between control and CORT- treated animals. We found th at the left hippocampus was substantially larger than the right hippocampus in the corticosterone-treated group, but not in the control group. In the control group, on the other hand, right hippocampal volume was markedly higher than all other measured volumes (hippocampal left control, hippocampal left CORT-treated and hippocampal right CORT-treated). Left hippocampal volume did not differ between the groups., P. Zach, J. Mrzílková, L. Řezáčová, A. Stuchlík, K. Valeš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Stáří a stárnutí jedinců jsou bezpochyby fenomény, které zaujímaly významné místo ve společnosti již v dobách dávno minulých. Během 20. století však nabrala otázka stárnutí nového rozměru, neboť začala nově přesahovat z úrovně individuální na úroveň celospolečenskou. V důsledku zlepšování některých společenských podmínek (např. lékařské péče, životního stylu, hygieny, životní úrovně atd.), jež bylo nastartováno již zhruba na počátku 19. století, dochází k odsouvání úmrtí do vyšších věků, a lidé tak žijí déle. V moderních společnostech je tento jev obvykle doprovázen poklesem porodnosti a plodnosti. Kombinace těchto dvou faktorů pak ve svém konečném důsledku způsobuje proces, který nazýváme demografickým stárnutím. Obecně je tedy třeba rozlišovat dva pohledy na problematiku stárnutí. První pohled se zaměřuje na tzv. stárnutí individuální, druhý přístup se zabývá demografickým stárnutím lidských populací, ovšem je zřejmé, že obě dvě hlediska jsou mezi sebou navzájem provázaná. Podobně tomu bude i v následujícímpříspěvku, jenž se bude zabývat nejen přehledem problematiky demografického stárnutí, ale dotkne se také otázek o dlouhověkosti a kvalitě života, které se dostávají do popředí v souvislosti s tematikou stárnutí jednotlivců., Old age and aging of individuals are phenomenons that took important place in society as early as former times. During twentieth century the question of aging got new meaning, because it newly started to overreach from individual level to all-society. As a result of improvement of some social conditions (f.e. medical care, lifestyle, hygiene, living standard etc.), that was already initiated approximately at the beginning of the nineteenth century, dying started to be moved to higher age and people live longer. In modern societies this event usually goes with decline of natality and fertility. In final effect combination of these two factors causes the process that is known as demographic aging. In general we have to distinction between two views of problems of aging. The first view is focused on individual aging, the second one on demographic aging of human population. But it is clear that both of these views relate to each other. Similarly this article offers the roundup of problems of demographic aging, but also gives a touch of questions about longevity and quality of life, that gain ground in connection with theme of individual aging., Michaela Dimitrová., and Seznam literatury
Paper was based on archival research and props upon relevant literature, all Serbian, Albanian, and written in foreign languages, depicting Albanian ethnic population development in Kosovo within 20th century. We consider it to be the most crucial for any and all political processes, taking place in said region during 20th century. It reflects also demographic evolution of other Kosovo ethnics/nationalities, showing them in mutual interactions. In its second part Paper herein analysis both causes and consequences of Albanian demographic revolution., Václav Štěpánek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The Marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) has declined across Europe, including the Czech Republic. Current conservation strategies rely on prevention of habitat loss and degradation, and increase in habitat quality and connectivity via promoting traditional grassland management. The population structure and adult demography parameters of a single population was investigated for eight years (single system), and of all the known Czech populations (multiple populations) for a single year, using mark-recapture. There was substantial variation in the patterns of adult demography, both among years in the single system and among the multiple populations in a single year. In the single system, the date of the first flight of an adult varied by 18 days over the 8 years and total annual numbers varied with a coefficient of variation of 0.40 (females fluctuating more than males). The average density was ca 80 adults/ha. The population size displayed density-dependence, i.e. decreased following years with high adult numbers, with an equilibrium density of 90 individuals/ha. The average density of the multiple populations was ca 120 individuals/ha. The estimated total population for the Czech Republic was 25,000 individuals (17,000 males / 8,000 females) in 2007, which does not indicate an imminent threat of extinction. The regional persistence of E. aurinia is likely to depend on re-colonisation of temporarily vacant sites by dispersing individuals, facilitated by local shifts in adult flight phenology to that better adapted to local conditions. and Kamil Zimmermann, Pavla Blazkova, Oldrich Cizek, Zdenek Fric, Vladimir Hula, Pavel Kepka, David Novotny, Irena Slamova, Martin Konvicka.