This paper deals with the concept of the "size" or "extent" of the information in the sense of measuring the improvement of our knowledge after obtaining a message. Standard approaches are based on the probabilistic parameters of the considered information source. Here we deal with situations when the unknown probabilities are subjectively or vaguely estimated. For the considered fuzzy quantities valued probabilities we introduce and discuss information theoretical concepts.
Článek se zabývá vlivem technologického pokroku na vývoj právní úpravy ochrany práv duševního vlastnictví. Jako výchozí bod slouží rozhodnutí nejvyššího soudu USA ve věci White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company z roku 1908.Na základě rozboru tohoto rozsudku jsou identifikovány tendence, které byť na první pohled vypadají jako typický projev kolize práva a technologie posledních let, byly přítomné již před více než sto lety.Nejprve je rozebírána dichotomie mezi myšlenkou a vyjádřením
a obecněji problematika originality zachycení kreativního nápadu. Druhou tendencí, která je nazvaná „rozdělení paradigmatické odpovědnosti“, je dynamika vztahu mezi zákonodárnou a soudní mocí a jejich možnost ovlivňovat vývoj práva v závislosti na vývoji technologickém. Třetí tendencí je postupné rozšiřování pole působení právní úpravy ochrany práv duševního vlastnictví, způsobené zapojováním nových subjektů do komplexního systému právních i neprávních vztahů. Všechny tři tendence jsou demonstrovány na příkladech nedávných soudních rozhodnutí a aktuální zákonné úpravě. Článek ve svém závěru argumentuje, že vzhledem k tomu, že jsou tyto tendence dohledatelné i ve velmi starých případech, jedná se o projev designu celého systému, který se tak stále obtížněji vypořádává s novými výzvami v podobě masivního nástupu nových technologií. and The article is concerned with the influence of technology advancement on the development of legal regulation of intellectual property rights. The decision of the US Supreme Court in the White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company case of 1908 is a starting point and a corner stone of the whole article. Certain tendencies in the intellectual property law, which seem to be a product of last few years, are identified by the analysis of the White-Smith case in order to show that such tendencies were also present more than a hundred years ago. Firstly the dichotomy between the idea and its expression is analysed with the accent on the general issue of unique fixation of creative ideas. Secondly, a tendency called “allocation of paradigmatic responsibility” is discussed. It is a dynamic relationship of legislative and judicatory powers and their capabilities to influence the development of law in accordance with technological advancement. The last tendency discussed is
the gradual widening of the sphere of activity of legal regulation of intellectual property by addition of new subjects into the complex system of both legal and non-legal relationships. All three tendencies are demonstrated using examples from recent cases and statutes. The article argues in its final part
that due to the fact that all the tendencies can be found both in the recent and old cases, it is a manifestation of the design of the whole system. The system has therefore more and more difficulties with new challenges which are brought about technological development.
We investigate solution sets of a special kind of linear inequality systems. In particular, we derive characterizations of these sets in terms of minimal solution sets. The studied inequalities emerge as information inequalities in the context of Bayesian networks. This allows to deduce structural properties of Bayesian networks, which is important within causal inference.
The basic aim of this study is to draw attention to certain inaccuracies in the recent discussion about evolutionary ontology. After a brief presentation of Šmajs’ theory, the author describes his standing in contemporary environmental thought and he classifies evolutionary ontology as “ecological ecocentrism”. In the second part he attempts to show that evolutionary ontology, in its character and claims, belongs to a different level of scientific knowledge than standard scientific theory pertaining to a limited sphere, and that therefore certain critical remarks pointing to its overly-broad range are misplaced. The conclusion of the study reminds the reader of the main controversial points of evolutionary ontology that give rise to discussion. The first of these is the paradox of unappreciated cultural information, the second is the above-mentioned “frozenness” of evolutionary ontological thought and the third is the attempt at a quick expansion of the ready evolutionary-ontological approach., Bohuslav Binka., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
The text is focused primarily on the concept of informed consumers in the Czech law. We do not aim to cover exhaustively the whole field. The main target of the article is to introduce specific questions which are connected to such a topic. In the beginning we primarily introduce general characteristics of the informed consumer, then we analyse pre-contractual information obligation and the demands focused on the transparency. As the position of the consumer is weaker than the position of the entrepreneur, misleading commercial practices and unfair contract terms are examined as well. The text is then focused on sector specific rules, such as in the area of financial services and on the aspects of the digital consumer. Throughout the text, some problematic aspects of Czech regulation or inappropriate implementation of European legislation are mentioned as well. The aim of the article is to introduce national specifics within abovementioned areas and to analyse relevant questions of consumer protection connected with information duty of the entrepreneurs., Markéta Selucká, Iva Šťavíková Řezníčková, Pavel Loutocký., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy