The paper deals with the concept of criminal thinking or attitudes that has received considerable research attention in foreign countries especially because of its proven relationship to antisocial behavior and potential for changing it through elimination of these attitudes (e.g. Blud et al., 2003; Henning, Frueh, 1996; Walters, 2005b). Nevertheless criminal thinking still remains almost undescribed in the Czech Republic. The aim of this study is to introduce to Czech readers its wide theoretical and empirical background and applicability in praxis. The presented study tries at the same time to overcome terminological confusion and opinion discrep ancies connected with this topic and to reach a useful definition of this concept., Petra Faridová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This study deals with the heretofore unknown activity of Leoš Janáček at the two main museum institutes in Brno. It asserts that from ca. 1888 until the end of his life, Leoš Janáček was a member of the Brno Museum Association, and it also makes reference to previously unknown sources from scholarly literature to which he had access as a member of the association. A surprising discovery is that the composers participation in the German-Czech Moravian Museum Society from 1900 was connected with the creation of the first collection of Moravian composers manuscripts (1903) and with an attempt to obtain financial support from the Provincial Committee for a printed edition of works by Moravian composers. We thus get a more complete picture of Janáčeks interactions and contacts in the environment of the Czech and German intellectuals who surrounded him and of the composers involvement in professional activities., Jarmila Procházková., Obsahuje seznam literatury, Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 350.
Previous studies have reported a decreased incidence of delayed graft function after cadaveric transplantation with the use of lidocaine pretreatment of the donor. We evaluated the effects of lidocaine on prolonged cold ischemia and reperfusion injury in a canine model of isolated kidney perfusion (IPK). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renal function of isolated perfused canine kidneys after 48 h of cold storage with Euro-Collins (EC) solution or EC solution plus lidocaine. Isolated perfused canine kidneys were randomized into four groups which contained six kidneys: I) cold flush with EC solution and immediately reperfused, II) cold flush with EC solution plus lidocaine and immediately reperfused, III) 48 h of cold storage with EC and reperfusion, IV) 48 h of cold storage with EC solution plus lidocaine and reperfusion. The measured renal functions were glomerular filtration rate, urine production, perfusate flow, urinary lactic dehydrogenase (ULDH), Na reabsorptive capacity, and tissue MDA levels. Histological examination was performed after reperfusion. The tubular functions of kidneys preserved with EC solution containing lidocaine were better when compared with the kidneys preserved with EC alone. Tubular injury marker levels (ULDH) in group IV were significantly lower than in group III and lidocaine also reduced lipid peroxidation during reperfusion. This is in agreement with the histological results. The results of the present study can be taken as evidence of the cytoprotective effect of lidocaine, which may therefore be accepted as a useful agent for kidney preservation., N. Erkasap, E. Ates, S. Erkasap, Z. Kaygisiz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We have studied the mechanism of Na+ deprivation-induced catecholamine secretion from freshly isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Na+ deprivation-induced catecholamine secretion depended on free extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and was almost parallel to 45Ca2+ influx into the cells under various experimental conditions. Furthermore, Na+ deprivation-induced 45Ca2+ influx and catecholamine secretion were actually induced by a relative Na+ concentration gradient across the plasma membrane, but not by simple omission of Na+ from the medium. These results indicate that the deprivation of Na+ from the medium changes the relative Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane and results in Ca2+ influx via a reverse mode of Na+-Ca2+ exchange rather than by inducing Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels by eliminating the competition between extracellular Na+ and Ca2+., M. Isosaki, T. Nakashima., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Vývoj výzkumů kognitivních procesů iniciovaný v šedesátých letech XX. století informačním paradigmatem v Americe vedl posléze k rozlišení čtyř základních proudů, a to (1) tzv. klasické kognitivní psychologie, (2) vývojově orientované kognitivní psychologie, (3) kognitivní vědy a (4) konekcionismu. V důsledku této diferenciace mezi proudy kognitivního hnutí se posléze ustavil rozpor uvnitř informačního paradigmatu. Jeho těžištěm je pojetí mentální (též interní, kognitivní) reprezentace a od něj odvozená nebo s ním spjatá stanoviska, zaujímaná k dílčím problémům, jež jsou charakteristická pro jednotlivé výše zmíněné proudy kognitivního hnutí. Spor o reprezentaci, její povahu a modelování je natolik zásadní, že tvoří základní aporii informačního paradigmatu a někteří autoři dokonce hovoří o rozpadu informačního paradigmatu ve dvě rozdílná paradigmata, a to v paradigma reprezentace a paradigma prezentace (B. Shanon, 1993). Ta se uvnitř informačního paradigmatu ustavují. Každé z těchto paradigmat navazuje na specifická filosofická východiska., Miluše Sedláková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In this review study, the author above all observes the new perspectives on the philosophy of religion of T. G. Masaryk put forward in the book by M. Dokulil under review. He points to the multidisplinary approach (philosophy, theology, religious studies, ethics, sociology, psychology, selected natural sciences) of M. Dokulil, which is made possible by his immense erudition. The author of the study, together with the author of the book under review, refutes the frequently voiced opinion that would treat T. G. Masaryk as a thinker of the 19th century, significant only in his own time (and not a real philosopher at all), and on the contrary he attempts to show that Masaryk’s ideas and approach are still highly relevant. and Zdeněk Novotný.
Myocardial blood flow is spatially heterogeneous, reflecting non-uniform oxygen supply. Also, myocardial oxida-tive metabolism is spatially heterogeneous. The effects of acute ischemia and reperfusion on the rela-tionship between local myocardial blood flow (LMF) and oxi-dative metabolism are still unknown. LMF was measured in isolated, blood-perfused rabbit hearts using colored microspheres and oxidation water labeled with 18O2 (H218O). Three protocols were performed: 18O2-perfusion during normoxia (N; n=7), during early reperfusion (ER; 10 min, n=6), and late reperfusion (LR; 40 min, n=6) following 20 min no-flow ischemia. LMF and local H218O residues were determined within defined myocardial samples (105 ± 15 mg). For interindividual comparison, values were normalized to the mean of the individual experiment and expressed as percentages. LMF ranged from 18 to 193 % (N), 12 to 250 % (ER), and 11 to 180 % (LR). The H218O tissue residue ranged from 63 to 132 % (N), 73 to 142 % (ER) and 32 to 148 % (LR). The correlation between LMF and local oxidative metabolism during N (r=0.77; n=56) was lost in the postischemic heart during ER and LR. LMF during N and ER were only weakly correlated (r=0.24; n=48), whereas LMF during N and LR correlated well (r=0.87; n=48). It is concluded that the heterogeneous LMF pattern at baseline is maintained in the stunned myocardium whereas that of local oxidative metabolism is not. Apart from the established mechanisms underlying myocardial stunning, a mismatch between local flow and oxidative metabolism might also con-tribute., U. Schwanke, G. Heusch, J. D. Schipke., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We investigated how selected electromorphological parameters of myelinated axons influence the preservation of interspike intervals when the propagation of action potentials is corrupted by axonal intrinsic noise. Hereby we tried to determine how the intrinsic axonal noise influences the performance of axons serving as carriers for temporal coding. The strategy of this coding supposes that interspike intervals presented to higher order neurons would minimally be deprived of information included in interspike intervals at the axonal initial segment. Our experiments were conducted using a computer model of the myelinated axon constructed in a software environment GENESIS (GEneral NEural SImulation System). We varied the axonal diameter, myelin sheath thickness, axonal length, stimulation current and channel distribution to determine how these parameters influence the role of noise in spike propagation and hence in preserving the interspike intervals. Our results, expressed as the standard deviation of spike travel times, showed that by stimulating the axons with regular rectangular pulses the interspike intervals were preserved with a microsecond accuracy. Stimulating the axons with pulses imitating postsynaptic currents, greater changes of interspike intervals were found, but the influence of implemented noise on the jitter of interspike intervals was approximately the same., E. Kuriščák, S. Trojan, Z. Wünsch., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The pattern-reversal (P-VEPs) and the motion-onset (M-VEPs) of visual evoked potentials were modeled by means of three damped oscillators (O1, O2, O3) of identical construction. The O1, assumed to simulate the response of primary visual area (V1), was driven by the firing density of the lateral geniculate nuclei. O1 contributed mainly to the N75 and P100 peaks of the P-VEPs. The O2, driven by the O1 output, mimics the activity of V2, V3a, and MT. It contributed to the negative peak N145 of the P-VEPs or to the N160 in the M-VEPs. The O3 was suggested to model late slow processes probably of an attentive origin. The model parameters were set by optimization to follow the P-VEPs and M-VEPs obtained as a grand average of four young volunteers (PZ - A2 lead). The evoked potentials were described with normalized root mean square error lower than 13 %., J. Kremláček, M. Kuba, J. Holčík., and Obsahuje bibliografii