It was previously shown that 4 hours´ lasting inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by administration of an L-arginine analogue, the NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) changed the affinity of the Na-binding site of Na,K-ATPase thus resulting in elevation of enzyme activity especially at higher concentrations of sodium. Using the same experimental model, we focused our attention in the present study to the question of binding of ATP to the enzyme molecule in the left ventricle (LV), ventricular septum (S) and the right ventricle (RV) of the dog heart. Activation of the enzyme by increasing concentrations of ATP revealed a significant increase of the Vmax only in septum (by 38 %). The KM increased significantly in septum (by 40 %) and in left ventricle (by 56 %) indicating an altered sensitivity of the ATP-binding site of Na,K-ATPase in the hearts of NO-deficient animals. The alterations of Na,K-ATPase in its ability to bind and hydrolyze ATP are localized to the tissue surrounding the cavity of the left ventricle., N. Vrbjar, M. Strnisková, O. Pecháňová, M. Gerová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Studie se zaměřuje na definici a operacionalizaci konceptu školní šikany za účelem měření jejího výskytu ve školních kolektivech. Autoři poukazují na nejednotnost operacionalizace kritérií šikany, která je jedním z hlavních faktorů výrazně omezujících porovnání zachycené prevalence. Předkládají rozbor jednotlivých kritérií šikany a aplikují je na formy, jimž byla dosud věnovaná nedostatečná pozornost, jako jsou vztahová či psychická šikana a sociální exkluze. V návaznosti na to předkládají metodologická doporučení pro vyšetření školní šikany a pro zveřejňování nálezů., The paper focuses on the definition and operationalization of the concept of school bullying for the purpose of the prevalence measurement in school groups. It draws attention to the current disagreement concerning the defining criteria of bullying, which is one of the important factors that considerably limit the analyses of bullying prevalence. The authors examine the defining criteria of school bullying and apply them to the forms of bullying that have so far been under-researched, such as relational/psychological bullying and social exclusion. As a conclusion, specific methodological recommendations for the prevalence measurement of school bullying and the publication of research findings are presented., Pavlína Janošová, Lenka Kollerová, Kateřina Zábrodská., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie si klade za cíl analyzovat vztahy mezi sociálně-psychologickými faktory a stavem zdraví se zaměřením zejména na onemocnění rakovinou prsu. Soustřeďuje se na mapování vztahu sociálně-psychologických faktorů a fyzického a psychického zdraví jedince. Shrnuje významné zahraniční a české výzkumy od počátku 90. let do současnosti. Ojediněle jsou citovány významné zahraniční studie z 80. let. V mnoha studiích zjištěný pozitivní účinek sociální opory na zdraví je obvykle vysvětlován „nárazníkovým“ modelem nebo modelem přímého účinku. Dále jsou podrobněji analyzovány výzkumy zabývající se vlivem sociální opory u žen s rakovinou prsu. V případě rakoviny prsu dosavadní studie poměrně systematicky dokumentují pozitivní vztah mezi sociální oporou a průběhem nemoci či pravděpodobností přežití. Včasná psychosociální léčba může snížit pravděpodobnost recidivy onemocnění. V českém prostředí nejsou dosud nicméně zkoumaná témata propracovaná tak, jak je tomu v západoevropském či anglosaském světě, také zde neexistuje ucelená koncepce věnující se komplexnímu výzkumu zdraví a nemoci a sociálních faktorů., The study aims to analyze the relationship between socio-psychological factors and state of health, with a particular focus on breast cancer. The first part of the study focuses on mapping the relationship of socio-psychological factors and physical and mental health of an individual. The study summarizes the major foreign and Czech studies since the early nineties to the present. The positive effect of social support, which was observed in many studies, is usually explained by a “buffer model” or by “models of direct effect”. In the second part of the study, surveys on the impact of social support among women with breast cancer are analyzed. Previous studies document the positive relationship between social support and breast cancer progression or survival probabilities. Early psychosocial treatment can reduce the likelihood of illness recurrence. However, in the Czech Republic the research topics are not yet explored and elaborated sufficiently, as in the case of Western Europe or English-speaking world. There is also no existing coherent concept dealing with the comprehensive, Kristina Březinová, Dana Hamplová, Jitka Buriánková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
a1_strukturu a míru vnímané sociální opory u dětí a dospívajících po léčbě onkologického onemocnění a porovnat ji s oporou kontrolní skupiny. Soubor a metoda. Ve studii byla použita data od 101 dětí a dospívajících po léčbě onkologického onemocnění a data od 231 jedinců z běžné populace. Všem respondentům byl předložen Dotazník sociální opory QOLOP, který byl sestaven pro účely projektu QOLOP (Quality of Life Longitudinal Study in Oncology Paediatric Patients). Hypotézy. Vnímaná sociální opora od rodičů je u dětí a dospívajících po léčbě onkologického onemocnění vyšší než u jedinců z běžné populace. Sociální opora poskytovaná kamarády je nižší u dětí a dospívajících po léčbě onkologického onemocnění v porovnání s jedinci z běžné populace. Výzkumné studie / 339 Statistická analýza. Analýza dat (deskriptivní statistika a faktoriální analýza rozptylu) byla provedena v programu SPSS., a2_Výsledky. Největším zdrojem vnímané sociální opory u obou skupin jsou rodiče (zejména matka). Jako další důležité zdroje opory byli uváděni prarodiče, kamarádi a sourozenci. Děti a dospívající po léčbě onkologického onemocnění pociťují větší míru opory od matky, učitelů, prarodičů, sourozenců i kamarádů, než jedinci z běžné populace. Určité rozdíly ve vnímané sociální opoře byly nalezeny také mezi věkovými skupinami a mezi pohlavími. Omezení studie. Ve studii nebyl sledován zdravotní stav kontrolní skupiny. V rámci skupiny dětí a dospívajících po léčbě onkologického onemocnění nebylo přihlíženo k věku při diagnostikování onemocnění a délce remise., b1_Objectives. The purpose of this study is to describe the structure and the level of perceived social support in childhood cancer survivors and compare it with the support of control group. Sample and settings. Data from 101 childhood cancer survivors and 231 individuals from the general population were used. To determine the structure and level of social support Questionnaire of social support QOLOP which was originally designed for the QOLOP (Quality of Life Longitudinal Study in Oncology Paediatric Patients) project was used. Hypotheses. Perceived parental social support in childhood cancer survivors is higher than in the general population. Social support provided by friends is lower in childhood cancer survivors than in the general population. Statistical analysis: The statistical analysis (descriptive statistics and factorial analysis of variance) was performed using SPSS., b2_Results. Parents (especially mothers) were the most important sources of perceived social support for both groups. Grandparents, friends and siblings were mentioned as relevant sources of social support, too. Childhood cancer survivors perceived higher level of social support from mothers, teachers, grandparents, siblings and friends. Specific differences in perceived social support were also found depending on age and gender. Study limitation. The health status of control group was not monitored. In the group of childhood cancer survivors, the age in time of diagnosis and the time since the end of the treatment were not taken into account., Veronika Koutná, Marek Blatný, Tomáš Kepák, Martin Jelínek, Tereza Blažková., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This study reviews existing research devoted to the topic of social support in childhood cancer survivors, the structure of their social network and its influence to selected characteristics of childhood cancer patients and survivors according to the source of support. Parents, siblings, friends, medical staff, classmates and teachers are analyzed as support sources. Positive as well as negative social support outcomes are reported. Among the positive outcomes, lower levels of anxiety, loneliness and pain, quality of life improvements and strenghtening of coping strategies can be named. Negative outcomes can be represented for example by excessive paren tal care, lack of privacy and feeling of being left out after the end of treatment. The limits of existing research are discussed, too., Tereza Blažková, Veronika Koutná., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie Kateřiny Nové se zabývá vzájemnými vztahy mezi dirigentem Václavem Talichem a hudebním vědcem Otakarem Šourkem, které vykládá s pomocí dochované korespondence těchto osobností., The friendship between the music writer, critic, and organizer Otakar Šourek and the world-famous conductor Václav Talich lasted nearly 50 years. We can get an idea of the intensity of their friendship by studying their mutual correspondence. Šourek always deeply admired Talich, and he tried to support him with all of his might (although not unconditionally). Talich, on the other hand, respected Šourek, and he confided in him about his everyday cares and joys, but in their correspondence we also find deep reflections about the music of Antonín Dvořák or comments about current politics and social issues. Talich’s letters thus give us a glimpse beneath the surface of the daily life of one of the most prominent Czech conductors., Kateřina Nová., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 319, anglický abstrakt 301.
The music critic, writer, and organizer Otakar Šourek was bound to the world-famous conductor Václav Talich by a close friendship practically throughout their lifetimes. The study of their mutual correspondence provides valuable information about their experiences during the difficult years of the Nazi occupation and following the Communist putsch. Šourek was Talichs advisor and confidant, and even during the hardest years, he always expressed his support for Talich and gave him practical assistance. Talich greatly valued Šourek for his personal character and for the work he had done in the field of Dvořák scholarship. The article is a continuation of a study published in Hudební věda 49 (2012), No. 3, pp. 301-320., Kateřina Nová., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 143-144.
The library of the chateau in Strážnice contains a binder’s volume of 25 German printed books from the 16th century, three of which may be considered as unique. Several of them were owned by the famous Lutheran theologian Matthias Flacius Illyricus, who gave them to his fellow believers, Erasmus Minckwitz von Minckwitzburg and Nicolaus von Ansdorf. and Petr Mašek.
Streptozotocin (STZ) is used to induce experimental diabetes in animals and is also applied for the treatment of patients with insulinoma. The aim of the present work was to investigate the direct effect of STZ on lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. After the isolation, the cells were incubated in a Krebs-Ringer buffer of pH 7.4, at the temperature 37 °C for 90 min with different concentrations of STZ: 0.5, 1 or 2 mmol/l. STZ caused a significant rise in basal values (99 %, 199 %, and 377 %, respectively) and epinephrine-stimulated (1 µmol/l) lipolysis (15 %, 24 % and 46 %, respectively). Augmentation of basal lipolysis by STZ was neither restricted by insulin (1 nmol/l) nor by H-89 (an inhibitor of protein kinase A, 50 µmol/l). These results indicate the stimulatory influence of STZ on the action of hormone-sensitive lipase in isolated cells of white adipose tissue. The obtained outcomes suggest that in studies employing STZ, it is necessary to consider its direct effect upon lipolysis in adipocytes., T. Szkudelski, K. Szkudelska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The role of the striatal adenylyl cyclase (AC) and cholinergic systems in the learning and expression of new forepaw movements (reaching with prolonged pushing on a fixed piston) was studied in male Wistar rats. Motor learning processes, prenatal hypoxia, and cholinergic drugs changed the properties of the AC system in the striatum. After learning, the striatal basal AC activity was decreased compared to untrained control rats. In addition, the AC activity was more decreased in animals with a good ability to learn compared to poor learners (up to 31 % and 51 %, correspondingly; p<0.01). Rats subjected to prenatal hypoxia (13-14th days of embryogenesis) had a lower ability to learn the new movements requiring tactile control and the striatal AC activity in these rats was 1.8 times higher (p<0.001) than controls. In vitro application of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CARB) 10-5 M (corresponding to ~ 0.3 µg), as well as the antagonist scopolomine (SCOP) 10-5 M (~ 0.3 µg) decreased AC activity in the synaptosomal fraction of the striatum. In vivo injections of CARB (0.3-3 µg/1µl) or SCOP (0.3-3 µg/1µl) into the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) modified the newly learned sensorimotor skill. After CARB injections the rats performed slower movements with more prolonged pushing. After SCOP the rats could not retain the learned pushing movement. These in vivo and in vitro data suggest that the cholinergic mediator system of the striatum is involved in learning sensory-controlled forepaw movements as well as the regulation of new motor skills by modulating the AC signal transduction process in the striatum. The data confirmed that modification of the striatal AC system resulted in the modulation of reaching behavior and better expression of the learned reflex., I. A. Zhuravin, N. M. Dubrovskaya, S. A. Plesneva., and Obsahuje bibliografii