This study aimed to examine the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by muscle overload and the associated intracellular signaling pathways. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to oral treatment with either EPA or corn oil for 6 weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment, the gastrocnemius muscle of the right hindlimb was surgically removed to overload the plantaris and soleus muscles for 1 or 2 weeks. We examined the effect of EPA on the signaling pathway associated with protein synthesis using the soleus muscles. According to our analysis of the compensatory muscle growth, EPA administration enhanced hypertrophy of the soleus muscle but not hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle. Nevertheless, EPA administration did not enhance the expression or phosphorylation of Akt, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), or S6 kinase (S6K) in the soleus muscle. In conclusion, EPA enhances skeletal muscle hypertrophy, which can be independent of changes in the AKT-mTOR-S6K pathway.
Two Late Iron Age rotary querns found in Bohemia manufactured using grey, vesicular lava have been analysed typologically and geochemically with the aim to determine their provenance. Both objects match up with a typology which was developed on the basis of numerous Late Iron Age rotary querns discovered in Germany: The types of the upper and lower stone are characteristic for the production in quarries located in the Eifel. Using a combination of geochemical discrimination, cluster-, and discriminant analyses, both rotary querns could be allocated exactly to their quarries at the Bellerberg volcano near Mayen in the East Eifel area. However, being the only Eifel lava rotary querns known in Bohemia their occurrence is not sufficient to assume a regular and continuous exchange between Bohemia and the Eifel quarries in Late Iron Age times. and Dva české nálezy rotačních žernovů z doby železné, vyrobené z šedé pórézní lávy, byly podrobeny typologickým a geochemických analýzám, jež měly stanovit jejich provenienci. Oba předměty se řadí k typologii vypracované na četných nálezech z doby železné v Německu. Typy, které zkoumaný běhoun a ležák představují, jsou charakteristické pro produkci lomů Eifelské vrchoviny. Kombinací clusterové a diskriminační analýzy byl stanoven původ obou exemplářů na bellerberském vulkánu, poblíž města Mayen ve východním Eifelu. Dva dosud osamocené české nálezy žernovů vyrobených z eifelské suroviny ovšem nelze interpretovat jako doklad pravidelných kontaktů mezi oběma oblastmi.
The eigenproblem of a circulant matrix in max-min algebra is investigated. Complete characterization of the eigenspace structure of a circulant matrix is given by describing all possible types of eigenvectors in detail.
Eigenvectors of a fuzzy matrix correspond to stable states of a complex discrete-events system, characterized by a given transition matrix and fuzzy state vectors. Description of the eigenspace (set of all eigenvectors) for matrices in max-min or max-drast fuzzy algebra was presented in previous papers. In this paper the eigenspace of a three-dimensional fuzzy matrix in max-Łukasiewicz algebra is investigated. Necessary and sufficient conditions are shown under which the eigenspace restricted to increasing eigenvectors of a given matrix is non-empty, and the structure of the increasing eigenspace is described. Complete characterization of the general eigenspace structure for arbitrary three-dimensional fuzzy matrix, using simultaneous row and column permutations of the matrix, is presented in Sections 4 and 5, with numerical examples in Section 6.
In this paper, the eigenvalue distribution of complex matrices with certain ray patterns is investigated. Cyclically real ray patterns and ray patterns that are signature similar to real sign patterns are characterized, and their eigenvalue distribution is discussed. Among other results, the following classes of ray patterns are characterized: ray patterns that require eigenvalues along a fixed line in the complex plane, ray patterns that require eigenvalues symmetric about a fixed line, and ray patterns that require eigenvalues to be in a half-plane. Finally, some generalizations and open questions related to eigenvalue distribution are mentioned.