This article examines the administration of rescue operations to save people from drowning and the distribution of rewards to rescuers in Bohemia during the 1780s and 1790s. Based on documented interrogations and official records, the article looks at the investigatory process, the conditions rescuers had to fulfil in order to apply for a reward from the Bohemian Gubernium, and the role of other actors in this process, such as witnesses and doctors. The study departs from the concept of biopolitics developed by French philosopher Michel Foucault and shows how the state authorities tried to foster mutual solidarity among town dwellers. While Enlightenment thinkers continued to stress the role of "love for human beings" (Menschenliebe), i.e. universal interpersonal solidarity, the elites held the view that the biggest motivation for anyone to save a person from drowning was monetary reward. The aim of the enlighteners, however, was to encourage people to embrace the ideal of "Menschenliebe" and to fully identify with it - hence their emphasis on cases of selfless acts, especially in newspapers and popular literature. Besides that, the article analyses the trend towards the medicalization of society in the Enlightenment period and changes in attitudes to death., Ondřej Hudeček., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
At the beginning of the 20th century the task of reviewing all available literature across different scientific fields was initiated by professor Raýman, the general secretary of the Czech Academy of Emperor Franz Joseph for Science, Literature and Arts (CASLA). The first review for 1901 (in Czech language) appeared in the CASLA Bulletin during 1902. However, later, until the 1914 review, which was partially published in 1916, the reviews only consisted of physics reports. Usually, about five authors wrote the physical review covering different fields. Beginning in 1903, the review was also published as a separate book. The first 10 years of physical reviews referenced about 15 thousands papers from all available global literature., Jan Valenta., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Článek pojednává o českých kandidátech na vědecké Nobelovy ceny do roku 1959. Celkem bylo na tyto ceny nominováno šest českých vědců. Je obecně známo, že jedinou získal za chemii Jaroslav Heyrovský za objev a vývoj polarografie., The article discusses the Czech candidates for the scientific Nobel Prizes till 1959. In the period 1901-1959 six Czech candidates were proposed: E. Votoček and J. Heyrovský for chemistry, J. Heyrovský for physics, and J. Horbaczewski, F. K. Studnička, J. Wolf, K. Šulc and J. Heyrovský for physiology and medicine. Only J. Heyrovský received the Nobel Prize for chemistry (for discovery and development polarographic analytical method) in 1959, 25 years after the first nomination., Jiří Jindra., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Palacký University is a partner of 7th Framework program entitled "Closed Loop Control of the Laser Welding Process through the Measurement of Plasma (no. 222279)" - CLET. Researchers and small/middle enterprises cooperate here on sensor development to control laser weld quality using spectroscopy methods. It makes possible an on-line optimization of process parameters avoiding formation of material defects. and Hana Chmelíčková, Hana Lapšanská.
This paper focuses on Ernst Mach's contributions to teaching on the one side and technology-oriented research on the other side. The first part sums up Mach's views concerning the role of natural sciences and humanities within the curriculum and, in particular, culture in general. The second part deals with Mach's contribution to applied sciences and technology, mentioning some of his most original inventions in that field., Emilie Těšínská, Ivan Landa, Jiří Drahoš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This short contribution presents six papers, which characterize research areas at the Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University. The joint research field is the interaction between particles, and particle interaction with gases, solid structures, and surfaces. in particular, the research concerns vacuum physics, physics of thin films and surfaces, plasma physics, and space physics together with their applications in diagnostics and modern technologies in material science., Jana Šafránková, Jan Wild., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We first recall the main features of Mach's radical attitude to the "philosophy of science", illustrated best by his criticism of absolute space and time, and discuss the impact of Mach's ideas on the birth of special and general relativity. The experiment to demonstrate "Machian effects" of dragging of inertial frames by a rotating body (carried out by four gyroscopes placed in an orbit around the Earth) was conceived in 1959 but only in 2014 was the satellite launched. The last results from the experiment were finally summarised at the end of 2015: they confirm the dragging as predicted by general relativity with an accuracy of 19 %. We show that a rotating black hole can even drag magnetic field lines and indicate possible astrophysical meaning of processes of this type. in the concluding parts, our investigation of dragging effects by gravitational waves and the study of Mach's principle in the context of cosmology, obtained in collaboration with Donald Lynden-Bell (Cambridge) and Joseph Katz (Jerusalem), are briefly reviewed., Jiří Bičák., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article describes fundamental and application results obtained in the Department of Quantum Electronics of the Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics (IRE) of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. The early success in detection of the Doppler effect of radiation reflected from the first satellite orbiting the Earth - Sputnik (1957) was in the Department followed by systematic work in the area of ammonia masers, both 14NH3 and 15NH3 (1963-72). Short information is given on the first graduate courses in quantum electronics (1963-64) organized by the Department. Department's program of laser development and applications is discussed in details. The results of four key research projects are reported in the article, i.e., (a) ruby laser and its application in ophthalmology (including the first laser surgery of retina carried out in our laboratory), (b) carbon dioxide IR lasers, (c) UV-Vis gas lasers (blue He-Cd laser, near-ultraviolet nitrogen laser), and (d) tunable dye lasers. Unfortunately, the politically motivated dissolution of the Department in early seventies ended all the promising programs., Jan Blabla, Viktor Trkal., Obsahuje bibliografii, and V anglickém názvu uvedeno chybně Quatum - správně = Quantum
The remarkable progress in laser technology leads also to a development of techniques of time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The ultrafast laser spectroscopy in the visible spectral region can be now used for investigation of rapid processes with the time resolution of about 10 fs. This paper reviews the experimental background and typical techniques of ultrafast laser spectroscopy. The potentional of ultrafast spectrocopy is illustrated with the results obtained by authors in the field of ultrafast relaxation processes in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures., Petr Malý, Petr Němec, František Trojánek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Polarografická metoda umožňuje studium řady fyzikálněchemických problémů. Jsou uvedeny příklady z oblasti výzkumu struktury fázového rozhraní elektroda/roztok, adsorpce na povrchu elektrody, elektrochemického fotoefektu, fázových přechodů povrchových filmů, přenosu elektronu na molekulární vzdálenosti a oscilačních elektrochemických systémů., Polarography is a suitable method for solving numerous problems of physical chemistry. Examples from the following fields are given: structure of electrode/solution interfaces, adsorption on electrode surface, electrochemical photo-effect, phase transition of surface films, electron transfer over molecular distances, and electrochemical oscillating systems., Lubomír Pospíšil., and Obsahuje bibliografii