Search

Start Over Language Czech Subject 94(437)

262. Učitelé nižších škol v době reforem a osvícenství

Creator:
Kneblík, Michal
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
učitelé, vzdělávání, osvícenství, teachers, education, enlightenment, venkovské školy, preparanda, village schools, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
In the present text I have attempted to describe the profession of elementary school teacher and the changes it underwent in the last quarter of the 18th century. At that time, the education of the majority of children between the ages of six and twelve or thirteen was mostly in the hands of village schoolmasters, and these are my primary focus. Following the reform of the education system by Maria Teresa, teachers in Bohemia and Moravia were trained predominantly in what were known as preparanda at the Normal School in Prague. Their training differed from that of their predecessors in that their knowledge was now tested in examinations, with greater emphasis on teaching methods and closer supervision. Drawing on lists of teacher training graduates and other sources, I have analysed how many graduated every year and under what conditions, what textbooks they later used in the classroom, and the official view of pedagogy at that time. From those lists I was able to conclude that graduates who only spoke Czech ended up teaching only in small Czech-medium village schools. By looking at certain individual teachers more closely (such as the composer Jakub Jan Ryba, the pastor Tomáš Juren and several members of the Vlach family of teachers from Boleslav), my aim was to describe in outline the career of these "Czech" village schoolmasters, their motivation, level of knowledge, and deduce what they probably taught. From 1787 on, they were subject to inspection by regional school commissioners. I focussed on the first sixteen of these (one for each region), noting in particular how they were selected, their duties and aims. For it is they who were the guarantors of the new school system and the disseminators of the new thinking.As a result of the reforms, mandatory training and more exacting standards, elementary school teachers were able to improve their social standing and prestige., Michal Kneblík., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

263. Uhorské školské reformy: impulz pre sociálny vzostup učiteľov elementárnych škôl?

Creator:
Kowalská, Eva
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
židovské školy, vzdělávání učitelů, teacher education, Jewish schools, Maďarsko, Hungary, sociální vzestup, Ratio educationis 1777, social advancement, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
As servants of their church community, teachers had to spend much of their time on activities that today we might consider secondary - tasks relating to their ancillary duties as cantor, organist or verger. But in rural communities the teachers, alongside the priests, were often the only educated men in the parish and played a not inconsiderable role in the early stages of the national revival movement. The school reforms passed in 18th century Hungary opened the way for teachers - even those in elementary schools - to improve their social standing and prestige, on condition they fulfilled certain expectations as formulated in the basic reform programme, Ratio educationis (1777). Our paper examines the new types of school (normal, preparatory) that offered teachers better chances of social advancement and public acceptance. Drawing on case studies of teachers in several schools, it documents how they managed to meet the demands made on them while still pursuing and realizing their own ambitions., Eva Kowalská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

265. Umělecké vzdělávání a idea umělce na přelomu 18. a 19. století v díle Ondřeje Schweigla, Ignáce Chambreze a Josefa Heřmana Agapita Gallaše

Creator:
Suchánek, Pavel
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Gallaš, Josef Heřman Agapit, 1756-1840, Chambrez, Ignác, 1758-1842, Schweigl, Andreas, umělecké vzdělávání, akademie věd a umění, art education, academies of science, Vídeň (Rakousko), Morava (Česko), Vienna (Austria), Moravia (Czechia), statut umělce, invence / génius, artist's status, inventiveness / genius, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The article considers the writings of the sculptor Andreas Schweigl (1735-1812) and the painters Ignaz Chambrez (1758-1842) and Josef Heřman Agapit Gallaš (1756-1840). Around the year 1800, these three Moravian artists recorded their thoughts and insights in a number of texts that variously combined the traditional literary genre of artist’s biography with artistic topography, art criticism and a historical interpretation of early Moravian art and culture. Since all three were in some way connected with the new system of art education, the aim of this study is to examine whether and in what way standardized education affected not only their professional careers, but also their thinking. For all three, that thinking was rooted in a historical interpretation of the early art and culture of Moravia. All three discuss the function of art, artistic ideals, and to some extent the concept of the creative genius, as well as reflecting, directly or indirectly, on the theme of decadence as one stage in the cyclical view of history, in line with the paradigm of the age. The author sets out to compare their texts and in general terms show 1) how artists themselves viewed the importance of art education at the end of the 18 century; 2) how they responded to the changing role of the artist in society; and 3) how they defined artistic ideals and the artist’s social purpose. It is the wider implications of these changes in the artist’s social status, and in the function of art in Moravia and Central Europe generally, that form the primary focus of this study., Pavel Suchánek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

267. Únor 1948 v dějinách Československa: sborník studií z teoretického semináře

Creator:
Václav Peša
Publisher:
Ústav marxismu-leninismu VUT Brno and Ústav československých a světových dějin ČSAV
Format:
print and 135 s.
Type:
model:monograph and TEXT
Subject:
Dějiny Česka a Slovenska, 1948, Únor (1948 : Československo), státní převraty, komunistický režim, bolševizace, zemědělská politika, Československo, 94(437)"1948", 329.15:329.8, 323.276, (437), (063), 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech, German, and Russian
Description:
red. Václav Peša ... [et al.].
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

268. Urban security versus social privileges: the impossible "Enlightened" reform of policing in eighteenth-century Brussels

Creator:
Denys, Catherine and Bennett, Laura
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
osvícenství, enlightenment, Brusel (Belgie), Brussels (Belgium), police reforms, privileges, social equality, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
During the medieval and early modern eras, most of the European urban authorities intended to rule their cities for the «common good», together with respecting the social hierarchy and privileged status. In the 18th century, however, many voices raised for improving the urban policing and reforming old regulations. Most of police officers claimed for equality of every inhabitant with regards to local police ordinances and petty police courts. But even if the urban rules agreed with their arguments for a more efficient policing, they could not prescribe an equality that would overthrow the Ancien Régime’s social order. Brussels in the 18th century is a good example of this contradiction. It was there impossible to reform the policing for the foreigners nor to create a professional night-watch, because of the strong reluctance of the city aldermen to abandon social privileges which were seen as fundamental freedoms of the country., Catherine Denys ; translated by Laura Bennett., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

Limit your search

Show values starting with
more »

Show values starting with
more »

Show values starting with
more »

Show values starting with
more »

Show values starting with
more »

Show values starting with
more »

View distribution

Current results range from 1858 to 1983

View larger »