The article is divided into three main parts. In the first part, an overview of scholarly views on trust/trustworthiness is provided. The second part is concerned with the issue of how the politicians’ trustworthiness is measured by contemporary research agencies. In the third part, the experiment on politicians’ trustworthiness utilizing a new method is reported. This method is based on indirect questioning and it builds on the hypothesis that the more trustworthy a politician is, the more people will agree with his statements and consider them seriously. Four parallel questionnaires were employed. The first questionnaire (N=53) contained 10 short fictitious quotations and subjects were asked to rate them according to their solidness, acceptability, and positivity, and they were asked to say to what extentdid they agree with them. Five of these quotations were used in the next three questionnaires (N=48;47;42) and the names of five Czech politicians (K. Schwarzenberg, A. Vondra, R. John, V. Filip and B. Sobotka) were attached to them. No name was attached to the same quotation twice. Respondents were divided into four independent groups and each group responded to one questionnaire. The independent two-sample t-test was used for the comparison of the ratings and 20 statistically significant results were obtained. This means the method could be one of the keys for a better future understanding of such a complex notion as is the trustworthiness of politicians is., Jan Chromý, Ondřej Dufek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Přesné měření je nezbytné pro úspěšné stavební práce i kontrolu stability objektů, to věděli i naši předkové. Dnes existují velmi citlivé přístroje, které odhalí sebemenší pohyby svahů, mostů, hrází či vysilačů a pomohou tak předejít katastrofě. S detailními postupy, jak moderní měřici technologii využít a analyzovat data, přišel tým výzkumníků z Ústavu teorie informace a automatizace AV ČR ve spolupráci s firmou Geodézie Ledeč nad Sázavou. and Leona Matušková, Stanislava Kyselová.
Schopnost efektivně se pohybovat v daném prostředí byla pro člověka a jeho předchůdce klíčová k zajištění dostatku energie k přežití a rozmnožování. Potřeba překonávat vzdálenosti s co nejmenšími náklady formovala stavbu našich končetin již od doby, kdy jsme se poprvé postavili na dvě končetiny. S příchodem rodu Homo dochází ke změnám dolní končetiny a celého těla umožňujícím efektivnější běh, jenž byl v té době nejlepším způsobem, jak se dostat k masu. Neandrtálce stála chůze a běh více energie než moderní lidi, nicméně rozdíly byly malé a zřejmě nepřispěly k vyhynutí neandrtálců., The ability to move effectively through a given environment was crucial for humans and their ancestors to acquire enough energy for survival and reproduction. The need to cover distances with minimum costs has formed our limbs since we first stood on two limbs. With the early representatives of the genus Homo, the lower limbs and the whole body changed to allow more effective running, which was the best way to obtain meat in those times. H. neanderthalensis had higher costs of walking and running than modern humans, but the differences were subtle and did not contribute to the downfall of H. neanderthalensis., and Martin Hora, Vladimír Sládek.
Nově objevený předchůdce současných sépií - egyptosépie (Aegyptosaepia lugeri) spojuje křídové linie dvoužábrých hlavonožců, zastoupených rodem Ceratisepia a třetihorní přímé předchůdce řazené k rodu Belosaepia. Přítomnost znaků křídových předků a pozdějších eocénních zástupců vytváří pozoruhodnou mozaiku, ve které můžeme spatřovat analogii např. se slavným jurským archeopteryxem. Nálezy z paleocénu Egypta poskytly řadu odpovědí na různé otázky evoluce sépiidů, mj. na období a způsob vzniku „rostra“ sépií, jejich paleogeografický původ a biotopy, ve kterých tito hlavonožci vznikali. Nálezy egyptosépií výrazně posouvají vznik přímé linie sépií dále do minulosti, k blízkosti hranice křída/terciér, proslavené velkým vymíráním suchozemských i mořských organismů., Aegyptosaepia (Aegyptosaepia lugeri) - a newly discovered direct ancestor of recent Sepia stock constitutes a link between the Cretaceous coleoid cephalopod Ceratisaepia and the Tertiary Belosaepia. The mixture of morphological features of both, the Cretaceous ancestors and the Eocene descendents creates an interesting mosaic. The Paleocene fossil records from Egypt have provided a lot of answers concerning the sepiid evolution, the period of sepiid “rostrum” origin, palaeobiogeography and the original habitat of these coleoids. The Aegyptosaepia record significantly extended the stratigraphic range of direct Sepia ancestors towards the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary, an important mass extinction event for marine and non-marine biotas., Martin Košťák., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The text discusses the relationship between real economic development, which is primarily measured by conventional statistical macroeconomic indicators, and the public opinion on economic development, whose regular monitoring o ers a number of subjective indicators. Empirical data from the period of the independent Czech Republic show that subjective indicators re ect the real economic situation and its changes over time. In a broader sense the paper highlights some of the practical di culties, which always arise when interpreting the results of public opinion polls and similar quantitative sociological investigations in this area., Jan Červenka., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The paper presents to Czech social scientists an introductory review of the concept of equivalence and the method of blockmodeling in social network analysis (SNA). After introducing the central concepts of SNA such as node and tie, along with their basic metrics such as centrality and cohesion, I present the concepts of role and position. These are treated by SNA as clusters of nodes with similar ties, something I juxtapose to algorithms to identify cohesive subgroups of nodes. Subsequently, I define and compare the two most frequently applied types of equivalence - structural, which is strict but broadly applicable, and regular, which is more liberal but has limited uses. Structural equivalence builds on a strict definition of similarity of ties, treating as equivalent only such nodes that have the same ties to the same other nodes. Regular equivalence works with looser criteria and better corresponds with both the theoretical and the intuitive notions of role; this, however, is outweighed by the absence of a unique regular-equivalent solution within a network and by the difficulty to process networks with undirected ties. Regular-equivalent nodes are such that have ties to other mutually equivalent nodes. I present examples to demonstrate the differences between both definitions. In the following section, I discuss measurement of similarity between the different nodes’ profiles of ties (e.g., correlation and Euclidean distance) and possible uses of the standard statistical methods of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling to detect equivalent classes of nodes within networks. After pointing to the weaknesses of these techniques in network data analysis, I present blockmodeling as a method designed specifically to identify roles and positions within networks. Ischematize the blockmodeling procedure and present its basic terms before comparing classic inductive blockmodeling, which is primarily fit for the purposes of exploration and network reduction, with deductive generalized blockmodeling, which is applicable in testing hypotheses about basic structural characteristics of a network. I bring attention to the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. Relatedly, I present an application of blockmodeling especially for the purposes of simplified network representation, comparing structural patterns across networks, and testing structural theories. In the following section, I demonstrate specific blockmodeling algorithms based on both structural equivalence (CONCOR and Tabu Search optimization) and regular equivalence (REGE and Tabu Search optimization). Then I verify the adequacy of their resulting assignment of positions to nodes using eta coefficient, Q modularity and correlation of the ideal blocked and the empirical adjacency matrices. In the concluding section, I demonstrate the entire blockmodeling procedure on an empirical case of a small network with undirected ties using the UCINET software tool, including interpretation of results. Finally, I reflect the contemporary position of blockmodeling among leading research approaches in SNA, referring to other empirically oriented studies that demonstrate the broad applicability and utility of position analysis., Tomáš Diviák., and Obsahuje použitou literaturu a poznámky
Energetická soběstačnost patří podle Světové obchodní organizace mezi desítku výzev, jimž budeme čelit v následujících desetiletích. Současné dominantní zdroje energie nejsou trvalým řešením, a tak musíme nejen hledat zdroje nové, ale přitom i zdokonalovat její přeměnu a vyřešit skladování. Právě to je jedním z úkolů Strategie AV21. and Luděk Svoboda.