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2452. Apoptosis as an Early Event in the Development of Multiple Organ Failure?
- Creator:
- Pachl, J., Duška, F., Waldauf, P., Fric, M., Fanta, J., and Žďárský, E.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Multiple-organ failure, Early apoptosis, Apoptic DNA, and Plasma free DNA
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We have recently developed a simple method of plasma free DNA detection, which enables us to distinguish between apoptotic and genomic (necrotic) DNA. After applying this method to the critically ill, we revealed apoptotic DNA on the day of admission to be higher than later when multiple-organ failure developed. Moreover, apoptotic DNA contributed to total plasma DNA much more than DNA from necrotic cells and its increase predicted future development of multiple-organ failure and death.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2453. Apoptosis of neuronal cells in the brains of postembryonic silkworms Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
- Creator:
- Kim, Mi Young, Kim, Kang Min, Choi, Chang Ok, Song, Hwa Young , Lee, Chang Seok, Kim , Bong Woo, Kang, Pil Don , Jeon, Soung Hoo, Cho, Byung Pil, Bae, Yeon Jae, Ko, Young-Gyo, and Lee, Bonh Hee
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Silk moth, postembryonic life, brain, neuronal apoptosis, ecdysone, actinomycin, and caspase
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The pattern and signal transduction of neuronal apoptosis in the brain of the silk moth, Bombyx mori, during postembryonic life, were characterized. Peak numbers of apoptotic neurons were detected in 4 day old 4th instar larvae, 9 day old 5th instar larvae and 4 day old pupae, indicating three waves of neuronal apoptosis during postembryonic development. Most of the apoptotic neurons were in the lateral portions of the brain. No apoptotic neurons were detected in 1 day old 1st instar larvae or in 7 day old pupae to 1 day old adults. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into larvae resulted in a substantial increase in the brain in both neuronal apoptosis and cleavage of procaspases-8 and -3 into caspases-8 and -3. However, the injection of larvae with actinomycin D or cycloheximide inhibited death of pre-apoptotic neurons. Both the cleavage of procaspases-8 and -3 and death of pre-apoptotic neurons were inhibited by a general caspase inhibitor and caspase-8 and -3 inhibitors injected into larvae. These results suggest that 20E triggered the synthesis of a new protein that, in turn, induces cleavage of procaspases-8 and -3 into caspases-8 and -3. These caspases are prerequisites for neuronal apoptosis in postembryonic brains.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2454. Apoptotic damage of DNA in Hhuman leukaemic HL-60 cells treated with C2-ceramide was detected after G1 blockade of the cell cycle
- Creator:
- Bártová, E., Španová, A., Janáková, L., Bobková, M., and Rittich, B.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- HL-60 cells, C2-ceramide, apoptosis, and cell cycle
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Apoptosis was induced by treatment of HL-60 cells with C2-ceramide. Apoptotic damage of DNA was detected according to the sub-Gl peak on a flow cytometer, according to the typical morphology and according to the DNA fragmentation "ladder" after gel electrophoresis. It was shown that the apoptotic cleavage followed after G1 blockade of the cell cycle. A high correlation coefficient (rs=0.957) was found between the percentages of G1 blocked cells and apoptotic cells. This high correlation together with the appearance of the sub-Gl peak suggests that the G1 blocked HL-60 cells were subject to apoptotic death. It is deduced that the mechanisms leading to G1 blockade of the cell cycle and activation of apoptosis in HL-60 cells are interconnected.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2455. Apoptotic DNA alterations in pig leukocytes after phagocytosis of bacteria are linked to maturation of the immune system
- Creator:
- Eva Matalová, Alena Španová, and František Kovářů
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, apoptóza, fagocytóza, apoptosis, phagocytosis, ontogenesis, pig leukocytes, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The effect of phagocytosis of living bacteria on apoptotic DNA changes was examined in pig leukocytes in relation to immune system maturation. Blood samples of pigs (aged 6, 12 and 18 weeks) were cultivated with a suspension of bacterial cells Salmonella typhimurium LB 5000 at 37 °C. In the experimental groups, killed bacteria and microspheric particles were used to detect the influence of the phagocytic process. Phagocytic activity and index were determined in each sample by means of microspheric particles. The ability to kill engulfed microbes (bactericidal capacity) was estimated from the decrease in bacterial colony-forming units (CFU). Samples of cultured cells were taken for DNA analysis at given intervals. DNA ladder assay was used for qualitative apoptotic DNA break detection and the TUNEL AP test was employed for quantification of apoptosis. In 18-week-old animals, spontaneous DNA degradation was observed in the control group without phagocytosis after 8 h. In contrast, cells cultivated with microspheric particles or killed bacteria became apoptotic after 4 h. The rate of apoptotic DNA degradation was decreased in the group exposed to living bacteria. This prolonged survival of phagocytes was also detected in 12-week-old animals, but not at 6 weeks of age. These findings were supported by the ability of phagocytes in 6-week-old animals to engulf microbes, but their killing (bactericidal) ability was significantly decreased in comparison with other stages of immune system maturation. These results suggest that the process of phagocytosis itself is accompanied by activation of the apoptotic program in phagocytic cells of the pig immune system, but the presence of phagocyted living bacteria can delay this activation. The prolonged survival of short-lived cells was only observed in later phases of immune system maturation., E. Matalová, A. Španová, F. Kovářů., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2456. Apoptotic machinery: the BCL-2 family proteins in the role of inspectors and superintendents
- Creator:
- Tichý, Aleš
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2457. Appendix - Symbols, Abbreviation and Abbreviations of journals
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
2458. Apple aphid, Aphis spp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and predator populations in an apple orchard at the non-bearing stage: The impact of ground cover and cultivar
- Creator:
- Fréchette, Bruno, Cormier, Daniel, Chouinard, Gérald, Vanoosthuyse, Franz , and Éric , Lucas
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Predation, aphids, Aphis spp., aphidophagous predators, Harmonia axyridis, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, spiders, apple orchard, biological control, and conservation biological control
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A two-year field experiment was conducted to determine whether a conservation biological control strategy could be applied to enhance the biological control of green apple aphids, Aphis spp., in a high-density and scab-resistant apple orchard at the non-bearing stage. The natural occurrence of aphid predators and their impact on aphid populations were evaluated in 2005. The impact of predation on aphid densities was evaluated by comparing a predator exclusion treatment with a control. In 2006, the possibility to enhance predator abundance/performance and aphid biological control with a flowering ground cover was tested: trees were grown either with a flowering ground cover of phacelia, Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham, and buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, or with a conventional ground cover of mixed Poaceae species. In 2006, it was also determined whether aphid densities differ between Liberty and Topaz, 2 scab-resistant cultivars. Results indicate that the predatory arthropod community was dominated by Coccinellidae, Cecidomyiidae, and various spider species. The ladybird community was dominated by the exotic species Harmonia axyridis Pallas, and the abundance of this species was correlated with aphid density. Naturally occurring predators had little impact on aphid abundance, although the proportion of trees with aphid colonies was greater in the predator exclusion treatment on two consecutive dates in 2005. Ground cover types had no impact on aphid densities. The oviposition response of Cecidomyiidae to aphid density was greater in Liberty trees with flowering ground cover than with the conventional ground cover. Conversely, the response of ladybird adults to aphid density was more important in Topaz trees with the conventional ground cover than with the flowering ground cover. Finally, no difference occurred in aphid abundance between Liberty and Topaz trees. Those results are discussed from a biological control and ecological point of view.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2459. Application of (L) sets to some classes of operators
- Creator:
- El Fahri, Kamal, Machrafi, Nabil, H'michane, Jawad, and Elbour, Aziz
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- (L) set, order (L)-Dunford-Pettis operator, weakly sequentially continuous lattice operations, and Banach lattice
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The paper contains some applications of the notion of (L) sets to several classes of operators on Banach lattices. In particular, we introduce and study the class of order (L)-Dunford-Pettis operators, that is, operators from a Banach space into a Banach lattice whose adjoint maps order bounded subsets to an (L) sets. As a sequence characterization of such operators, we see that an operator T : X → E from a Banach space into a Banach lattice is order (L)-Dunford-Pettis, if and only if |T (xn)| → 0 for σ(E, E′ ) for every weakly null sequence (xn) ⊂ X. We also investigate relationships between order (L)-DunfordPettis, AM-compact, weak* Dunford-Pettis, and Dunford-Pettis operators. In particular, it is established that each operator T : E → F between Banach lattices is Dunford-Pettis whenever it is both order (L)-Dunford-Pettis and weak* Dunford-Pettis, if and only if E has the Schur property or the norm of F is order continuous.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2460. Application of a center manifold theory to a reaction-diffusion system of collective motion of camphor disks and boats
- Creator:
- Ei, Shin-Ichiro, Ikeda, Kota, Nagayama, Masaharu, and Tomoeda, Akiyasu
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- center manifold theory, bifurcation, traveling wave solution, and collective motion
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Unidirectional motion along an annular water channel can be observed in an experiment even with only one camphor disk or boat. Moreover, the collective motion of camphor disks or boats in the water channel exhibits a homogeneous and an inhomogeneous state, depending on the number of disks or boats, which looks like a kind of bifurcation phenomena. In a theoretical research, the unidirectional motion is represented by a traveling wave solution in a model. Hence it suffices to investigate a linearized eigenvalue problem in order to prove the destabilization of a traveling wave solution. However, the eigenvalue problem is too difficult to analyze even if the number of camphor disks or boats is 2. Hence we need to make a reduction on the model. In the present paper, we apply the center manifold theory and reduce the model to an ordinary differential system.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public