Arlenelepis harpiprioni gen. et sp. n. (Cyclophyllidea, Dilepididae) is described from the plumbeous ibis Harpiprion caerulescens (Vieillot) (Ciconiiformes, Threskiornithidae) in Province Concepción, Paraguay. This cestode is characterised by a very small body (not exceeding 5 mm in length) consisting of about 30 proglottides, musculo-glandular rostellar apparatus, rostellar hooks arranged in two regular rows, few testes (7-10 in number) situated mostly in a post-ovarian group but one testis pre-ovarian, a large oval cirrus sac reaching antiporal osmoregulatory canals, massive cirrus armed with needle-shaped and thorn-shaped spines, long convoluted vagina, and longitudinally elongate sacciform horseshoe-shaped uterus with deep lobes of the medial uterine wall. The new genus is unique among the family Dilepididae in possessing a rhynchus armed with conical spines.
Arrestiny jsou významné intracelulární proteiny regulující G-protein-spřaženou receptorovou (GPCR) signalizaci. Tvoří komplexy s většinou GPCRs (po jejich aktivaci navázáním agonisty a fosforylaci) a hrají klíčovou roli v procesech receptorové homologní desenzitizace, sekvestrace a downregulace, které vedou k terminaci aktivace G-proteinů. V lidském organismu je zastoupeno deset typů arrestinů náležících do dvou skupin: mezi zrakové/beta arrestiny a alfa arrestiny. Nedávno bylo zjištěno, že skupina zrakových/beta arrestinů (která je tvořena čtyřmi členy: rod arrestinem, ß-arrestinem 1, ß-arrestinem 2 a cone arrestinem) je odvozena od nově objevených alfa arrestinů. Označení „alfa“ je velmi výstižné, tato skupina arrestinů je fylogeneticky starší a název je komplementární k názvu skupiny beta. Rod a cone arrestiny se nacházejí v buňkách sítnice, kde regulují funkci fotoreceptorů. ß-arrestiny jsou ubikvitně vyjádřeny, jejich nejvyšší koncentrace byly zjištěny v mozku a ve slezině. Kromě tradiční role v desenzitizaci (a následujících procesech) podporují ß-arrestiny též tvorbu signalizačních komplexů s tyrozinkinázou Src a s mitogenem-aktivovanými proteinkinázami, které umožňují G-protein-spřaženým receptorům signalizovat nezávisle na G-proteinech. V těchto kaskádách slouží jako „scaffolding“ a adaptorové proteiny a regulují buněčné procesy jako např. chemotaxi, apoptózu a metastázování. ß-arrestiny se tak stávají lákavým terapeutickým cílem pro léčbu některých nádorových onemocnění (např. karcinomu prsu, plic, kolorekta), alergického astmatu, hypertenze a dalších nemocí., Arrestins are important intracellular proteins, multifunctional regulators of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. They form complexes with most GPCRs (following agonist binding and phosphorylation of receptors) and play a central role in the processes of homologous desensitization, sequestration and downregulation of receptors, which lead to termination of G-protein activation. Humans have ten arrestin subtypes pertaining to two subfamilies, visual/beta arrestins and alpha arrestins. Visual/beta subfamily (which contains four members: rod arrestin, ß-arrestin 1, ß-arrestin 2 and cone arrestin) was branched from new fi nding alpha arrestins relatively recently. “Alpha“ fi ts because this subfamily is ancient/ancestral, and it complements the name of the beta class. The rod and the cone arrestins are expressed in the retina, where they regulate photoreceptor function. The ß-arrestins are ubiquitously expressed proteins whose highest levels of expression are in the brain and spleen. Besides their role in desensitization (and following processes), ß-arrestins promote the formation of signaling complexes with tyrosine kinase Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades allowing G-protein-coupled receptors to signal independently from G-protein. They serve as scaffold and adaptor proteins in these cascades and regulate cellular processes such as chemotaxis, apoptosis, and metastasis. Thus, novel therapies focused on these proteins may prove useful in the treatment of some cancer disorders (for example breast, lung, and colorectal carcinomas), allergic asthma, hypertension, etc., Fořtová M., Průša R., Zima T., and Lit.: 35
In many insect species with a pupa covered by various "shells" (puparium, host remains, etc.) pupal-adult ecdysis and emergence to the open air represent two discrete steps. However, in Trichogramma, as well as in other insect parasitoids, these two processes have never been studied separately. We investigated the temporal pattern of pupal-adult ecdysis and of adult emergence from the host chorion in Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in laboratory conditions (12L : 12D, 20°C). Adult ecdysis was arrhythmic, while adult emergence showed a strong rhythmicity. The time lag between ecdysis and emergence varied from one to almost two days, depending on the circadian time of the ecdysis. The proportion of ecdysed adults that stayed in the host chorion ranged up to 60% (just before the highest peak of emergence). The cumulative percentage of ecdysed adults gradually increased with time, independently of whether the light was turned on in accordance with the entrained circadian rhythm or 4 h earlier. This arrhythmic ecdysis could be explained by the fact that the ecdysed adults get into a well protected space inside the host chorion and the timing of this event is adaptively neutral.
Artefacts in applications of the global gravity field and topographic models based on satellite and terrestrial data of diverse kinds are studied. Various types of artefacts are presented and analysed with the aim to understand how the artefacts originated, how to reduce them (if feasible) and to avoid misinterpretations in geoscience. We work with the gravity aspects (gravity anomalies, the Marussi tensor of the second derivatives of disturbing potential, gravity invariants and their specific ratio, strike angles, and virtual deformations), and with surface or bedrock topography. Examples for the Earth, the Moon, and Mars are presented., Jaroslav Klokočník, Jan Kostelecký, Aleš Bezděk and Gunther Kleteschka., and Obsahuje bibliografii